SD 

42T 

Le> 1 \- U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

FOREST SERVICE. 

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. 



THE NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL. 



REGULATIONS OF THE SECRETARY OF 

AGRICULTURE AND INSTRUCTIONS TO FOREST OFFICERS 

RELATING TO AND GOVERNING THE GRAZING OF 

LIVE STOCK UPON NATIONAL FOREST LANDS. 



ISSUED BY THE 

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE 

TO TAKE EFFECT 

MAY 1, 1911 



GRAZING. 





WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1911. 




Rnnk (jRp "^ 



iCji> 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

^\ -l FOREST SERVICE. 

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. 

^ 



THE NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL. 

REGULATIONS OF THE SECRETARY OF 

AGRICULTURE AND INSTRUCTIONS TO FOREST OFFICERS 

RELATING TO AND GOVERNING THE GRAZING OF 

LIVE STOCK UPON NATIONAL FOREST LANDS. 



ISSUED BY THE 

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE 

TO TAKE EFFECT 

MAY 1, I'JU 



GRAZING. 




WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1911. 






The Secretary * * * may malve such rules and regulations 
* * * as will insure the objects of said reservations, namely, to 
regulate their occupancy and use and to preserve the forests thereon 
from destruction; and any violation of this act or such rules and 
regulations shall be punished (by $500 fine or 12 months' imprison- 
ment, or both) as is provided for in the act of June 4, 1888, amending 
section 5388 of the Revisetl Statutes of the United States. (Act of 
June 4, 1897, 30 Stat., 11.) 



rl 
il 
? 

^ CONTENTS. 
-i. 

Pago. 

LU Grazing 7 

(fT Grazing Regulations: 

^ Allotments S 

Stock exempt from permit 8 

Districts and divisions 8 

Fees 9 

Payments and permits 9 

Refunds 10 

Qualifications of applicants 10 

Preferences 10 

Notice to applicants 11 

Applications for permits 11 

Protective and maximum limits 11 

Permits to new owners 1] 

Renewal of permits 12 

Settlement of controversies 12 

Appeals 13 

Bonds 13 

Permits not transferable 13 

On and off permits 14 

Private lands 14 

Crossing permits 14 

Advisory boards 14 

Counting stock 15 

Damage to roads, trails, or springs 15 

Bedding sheep and goats 15 

Disposition of carcasses 15 

Salting stock 15 

Quarantine and local laws 16 

Protection of game, fish, and birds 16 

Instructions to Forest Officers: 

Allotments 17 

Stock exempt from permit 22 

Districts and divisions 23 

Fees 26 

Payments and permits 29 

Refunds 3] 

Qualification of applicants 33 

Preferences 35 

Notification of applicants 40 

Application for permits 41 

Protective and maximum limits 42 

Permits to new owners 45 

Renewal of permits 46 

Settlement of controversies .' 50 

Appeals 51 

Bonds 54 

Permits not transferable 54 

On and off permits 55 

Private lands 56 

Crossing permits 58 

Ad\dsory boards 60 

Counting stock 63 

Damage by stock 65 

Bedding sheep and goats 65 

Disposition of carcasses 65 

Salting stock 66 

Quarantine and local laws 67 

Protection of game, fish, and birds 69 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Game and bird refuges 71 

Stray or unbranded stock 73 

Methods of range improvement 74 

Reports • 79 

Grazing forms: 

Application for grazing permit 82 

Application for grazing permit, five-year period 84 

Postal-card notices 86 

Notice to grazing applicant and letter of transmittal 87 

Grazing permit 88 

Application for permit on account of private land 89 

Crossine permit 90 

Herder s identification card 90 

Waiver of grazing pri\dlege 91 

Bond 92 

Index 95 



United States Department of Agriculture. 

Office of the Secretary, 

washington, d. c. 

By virtue of the autliority vested in the Secretary of Agriculture 
by the act of Congress of February 1, 1905 (33 Stat., 628), amendatory 
of the act of Congress of June 4, 1807 (30 Stat., 1 1), I, James Wilson, 
Secretary of Agriculture, do make aiifl publish the following regula- 
tions for grazing upon National Forest lands, the same to supersede 
all previous regulations for like purposes and to be in force and 
effect from the first day of May, 1911, and to constitute a part of the 
Use Book. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set mv hand and official seal, 
at Washington, D. C, this 18th day of March,' 1911. 

James Wilson, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 



THE NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL. 



GRAZING. 



The Secretary of Agriculture has authority to permit, regulate, or 
prohibit grazing in the National Forests. Under his direction the 
Forest Service will allow the use of the forage crop as fully as the 
proper care and protection of the forests and the water supph^ permit. 
The cattle and sheep which are grazed in the National Forests bear 
an important relation to the sup})ly of beef and mutton in this 
country, and every effort will be made by Forest officers to promote 
the fullest possible use of the grazing resources. The utilization of 
forage grasses and plants also reduces the fire danger and helps to 
protect the Forests. In new National Forests, where the live-stock 
industry is of special importance, full grazing privileges will be given 
at first, and if reduction in number is afterwards found necessary 
stockmen will be given ample opportunity to adjust their business 
to the new conditions. Every eft'ort will be made to distribute the 
stock satisfactorily on the range, in order to secure greater harmony 
among the users of the Forests, to reduce the waste of forage by tramp- 
ing in unnecessary movement of stock, and to obtain a more perma- 
nent, judicious, and profitable use of the range. 

The leading objects of the grazing regulations are: 

The protection and conservative use of all National Forest land 
adapted for grazing. 

The permanent good of the live-stock industry through i)roper care 
and improvement of the grazing lands. 

The protection of the settler and home builder against unfair com- 
petition in the use of the range. 

It is expected that the stock owners will earnestly cooperate in 
carrying out the regulations. 

Permits will be issued to graze a certain number of live stock in 
each National Forest, ol* part thereof, so long as no tlamage is done by 
such stock. A reduction will be made from the number of stock 
grazed during the previous season if, owing to the number grazed 
or the method of handling the stock, damage is being done to the 
Forest, and in extreme cases all stock will be excluded. 

Cattle and horses will usually be allowed to graze in all National 
Forests. Sheep and goats will be allowed to graze in National 
Forests or in parts thereof where the conditions warrant, but will be 
restricted to the areas and grazing periods fixed by the Forest Service. 

Permits will usually be granted for one year, but where all contro- 
versies have been settled and proper numbers of stock are allowed, 
the Secretary of Agriculture will authorize the approval of applications 
for periods of not more than five years, with the understanding that 
all permits are terminable at any time and that the renewal of permits 
will be within his discretion. 

7 



GRAZING REGULATIONS. 

ALLOTMENTS. 

Reg. G-1. The Secretary of Agriculture will prescribe each year 
the number of stock to be allowecl in each National Forest, and will 
authorize the approval of applications for permits during periods of 
one or more years, but revocable at any time within his discretion. 
The yearlong grazing fee to be charged for each class of stock will be 
determined by the Forester in accordance with Reg. G-4. Seasons 
less than yearlong will be established by the District Forester, who 
will determine the fees to be charged for each short season in accord- 
ance with the established schedule and the provisions of Reg. G-4. 
When notified of the establishment of grazing allowances and year- 
long rates for any National Forest, the District Forester will establish 
and fix the rates for all grazing periods less than yearlong and will 
transmit instructions to the Supervisor, who will issue grazing permits 
in accordance therewith. Fifteen days may be added to the grazing 
period, in the discretion of the Supervisor, without charge. 

STOCK EXEMPT FROM PERMIT. 

Reg. G-2. All persons must secure permits before grazing any 
stock in a National Forest, except for the few head in actual use by 
prospectors, campers, and travelers, or saddle, pack, and work 
animals actually used in connection with permitted operations on 
the National Forests, and milch or work animals not exceeding a 
total of 10 head owned and in use by bona fide settlers residing in or 
near a National Forest, which require no permit. 

DISTRICTS AND DIVISIONS. 

Reg. G-3. The grazing of sheep and goats upon any portion of a 
Forest must not be allowed until authorized by the Forester. This 
authorization secured, the kind of stock to be grazed in each district 
open to grazing on the Forests will be determined by the District 
Forester. Under his general instructions. National Forests in which 
grazing is allowed will be divided into districts by the Supervisor, who 
will provide for the distribution of stock among the districts, and make 
such range divisions among applicants for grazing permits as appear 
most equitable and for the best interests of the National Forest and 
its users. Wlien required for the protection of camping places, lakes 
and streams, roads and trails, etc., or of areas which are to be 
reforested, the Supervisor may exclude stock from specified areas for 
such period of time as is necessary. Stock will be excluded from areas 
where they will destroy young growth or will prevent reproduction. 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 9 

FEES. 

Reg. G-4. A reasonable fee will be charg;ed for grazinp; all kinds of 
live stock on National Forests, except as otherwise provided in these 
Regulations. The rates will be based upon the yearlong rate for 
cattle which will be from 35 to 60 cents per head, depending upon the 
advantages and the locality of the Forest. 

The yearlong rates for horses will be from 25 to 40 per cent more, 
and the yearlong rates for swine from 25 to 40 per cent less than the 
rate for cattle. On Forests where the quality of range and advantages 
' for grazing cattle and sheep or goats are equal, the yearlong rate for 
sheep and goats will be 30 per cent of the yearlong rate for cattle, but 
where the above-mentioned conditions warrant it, this percentage 
may be departed from and the yearlong rates for sheep and goats 
fixed within the following limits: From 10 to 12 cents on Forests 
where the rate for cattle is 35 cents; from 12 to 14 cents on For- 
ests where the rate for cattle is 40 cents; from 12 to 15 cents on Forests 
where the rate for cattle is 45 cents; from 14 to 16 cents on For- 
ests where the rate for cattle is 50 cents; from 15 to 18 cents on 
Forests where the rate for cattle is 60 cents. 

The rates for all kinds of stock for periods shorter than yearlong 
will be based upon a charge of one-ninth of the amuial rate per month 
for periods of less than four months or periods beginning between 
July 15 and October 15, or of one-tenth of the annual rate per month 
for periods of four months or over beginning betw^een October 16 and 
July 14, provided that the rates on sheep, goats, and swine shall not 
be divided into fractional amounts of less than one-fourth of 1 cent, 
and the rates on cattle and horses shall not be divided into fractional 
amounts of less than 1 cent; and provided that the minimum rate for 
any short period shall not be less than 20 cents per head on cattle, 25 
cents per head on horses, 12 cents per head on swine, or 5 cents per 
head on sheep or goats. An extra charge of 2 cents per head will be 
made for sheep or goats which are allowed to enter the National 
Forests for the purpose of lambing or kidding. No charge will be 
made for animals under 6 months of age at the time of entering the 
Forest, Mdiich are the natural increase of stock upon which fees are 
paid or for those born during the season for which the permit is allowed : 
Provided, hoivever, That the grazing fees in force at the date of these 
Regulations shall continue in effect for all permits issued prior to and 
including December 31, 1911. 

PAYMENTS AND PERMITS. 

Reg. G-5. All grazing fees are payable in advance. Wlien an 
applicant for a grazing permit is notified by the Supervisor that his 
application has been approved, he will remit the amount due for 
grazing fees to the District United States Depository, and upon 
receipt of notice by the Supervisor that payment has been made, a 
permit will be issued allowing the stock to enter the Forest and 
remain during the period specified. 

Persons v/ho fail to pay the grazing fee before the begimiing of the 
grazing period m.ust notify the Supervisor and give satisfactory 
reasons, or within the discretion of the Supervisor may be denied a 
grazing permit the following season. 



10 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

REFUNDS. 

Reg. G-6. Grazing fees will not be refunded for nonuse of the 
permit, except when, in the opinion of the District Forester, the 
applicant is prevented from using the range by circumstances over 
which he has no control, or his range is trespassed upon, or renewal 
of permit is allowed to a purchaser of the stock. 

QUALIFICATIONS OF APPLICANTS. 

Reg. G-7. Grazing permits will be issued only to persons entitled 
to share in the use of tne range within National Forests by virtue of 
prior use and occupancy of National Forest lands for grazing pur- 
poses; or by locnl residence, ov.-nership of improved ranch property 
within or near the Forest, and dependence upon the range ; or by the 
acquisition of stock grazed upon National Forest lands under permit 
and of improved ranch propei-ty used in connection with the stock, 
under circumstances which warrant an entire or partial renewal of 
the permit issued to the former owner, except when there is surplus 
range, in which case temporary permits may be issued to owners of 
transient stock. 

Nonuse of a range during one year, except as authorized by the 
District Forester, will be sufficient grounds for the denial of grazing 
privileges. 

PHEFERENCES. 

Reg. G-8. Citizens of the United States will be given preference 
in the use of the National Forests, but persons who are not citizens 
may be allowed grazing permits provided they are bona fide residents 
and owners of improvea ranch property either within or adj acent to 
a National Forest. 

Regular occupants of the range who own and reside upon improved 
ranch property in or near National Forests will be given first con- 
sideration, but will be limited to a number which will not exclude 
regular occupants who reside or whose stock are wintered at a greater 
distance from the National Forests. With this provision applicants 
for grazing permits will be given preference in the following order: 

Class A: Persons owning and residing upon improved ranch 
property within or near a National Forest who are dependent upon 
the National Forest for range and who do not own more than the 
established protective limit number of stock. 

Class B: Regular users of National Forest range who own numbers 
of stock in excess of the established protective limits, or who do not 
own improved ranch property within or near a National Forest. 

Class C: Persons who are not regular users of National Forest 
range and who do not own improved ranch property within or near a 
National Forest. Class C applicants will not be granted permits 
upon Forests which are fully occupied by permittees of classes 
A and B. 

Persons who have not regularly used the range within newly 
created National Forests during preceding years will not be allowed 
to place stock upon it for the purpose of establishing a grazing pri- 
ority, unless they are bona lide settlers living either within or adjacent 
to the National Forest, who are entitled to share in the use of the 
range as class A applicants. 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 11 

NOTICE TO APPLICANTS. 

Reg. G-9. When notice of the grazing; allowance, periods, and 
rates for each year has been received by the Supervisor he will give 
public notice ol" a date on or l)efore which all ai)plications for grazing 
must be presented to liim. Permits may be refused to persons who 
do not file their applications within the required time unless satis- 
factory reasons are given. 

APPLICATION FOR PERMITS. 

Reg. G-10. Applications for grazing permits must be submitted 
on blank forms which will be furnished by the Supervisor and the 
information necessary to com])lete the application must be furnished 
in detail. The number of stock must not oe greater than the number 
the applicant actually owns or intends to purchase or less than the 
number he intends to graze upon the Forest. Speculation in the 
use of grazing permits will not be allowed, and permits will be refused 
or canceled for intentional false statement ol the number of stock 
owned. 

For all purposes of permanent allotment each member or stock- 
holder of a firm or corporation will be considered as holding a permit 
to graze the full number of stock covered by any and all grazing 
permits issued to such firm or corporation. The individual permit 
of a person who accpiires an interest in the permit of any firm or 
corporation will be subject to reduction in its renewal when the com- 
bined number of stock covered by all permits in which the person is 
interested exceeds the maximum limit. 

PROTECTIVE AND MAXIMUM LIMITS. 

Reg. G-11. When necessary to secure an ec[uitable distribution 
of grazing privileges the District Forester will establish protective 
limits covering the number of stock for which the permits of small 
owners will be exempt from reduction in their renewal. Permits for 
numbers of stock in excess of the protective limits will be subject to 
necessary sliding scale or other reductions and will not be subject 
to increase in numl)er except through purchase of stock and ranches 
of other permittees. (See Reg. G-13.) 

When necessary to prevent monopoly of the range the District 
Forester will establish maximum limits in the number of stock for 
which a permit will be issued to any one jDcrson, firm, or corporation. 
Permits for numbers of stock in excess of the maximum limits will 
be issued onl}^ to persons who, during the preceding year, held per- 
mits to graze numbers of stock ec[ual to or greater than that for 
which application is made. The District Forester may suspend the 
maximum limit in special cases. 

PERMITS TO NEW OWNERS. 

Reg. G-12. Grazing applications, other than for renewal of per- 
mit, will not be approved if the average number of stock per permit 
upon the Forest is more than 20 per cent below the established pro- 
tective limit number, or if the approval of sucli applications require 
a reduction of more than 20 per cent upon any permit of the preced- 
ing year. If a Forest is fully stocked the total number of stoclt to be 



12 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING, 

distributed among new applicants and permittees below the protec- 
tive limit during one year must not exceed 3 per cent of the total 
number authorized for the year, and no new permit will be issued 
for more than one-half of the protective limit number; or, if the 
average number of stock per permit is less than the established pro- 
tective limit, no new permit will be issued for more than one-fourth 
of the protective limit number, nor will such permit be issued except 
for stock which will be fed during the winter from the products of 
the permittee's ranch. 

Upon fully stocked Forests, applications other than for renewal of 
permit will not be considered unless filed with the Supervisor six 
months before the beginning of the grazing season. 

Persons who have sold their stock grazed under permit and signed 
a waiver to their preference will not be recognized as new applicants 
for a period of three years from the date of the waiver, except as 
purchasers of permitted stock, 

RENEWAL OF PERMITS, 

Reg. G-13. Grazing permits will be renewed only when the grazing 
of the class of stock involved is authorized by the Secretary of Agri- 
culture, Permits for numbers of stock in excess of the established 
protective limits will be subject to reduction in their renewal, and no 
division or sale of stock and ranches will exempt such permits from 
reduction. A permit may be divided in its renewal because of divi- 
sion of stock and ranches between two or more owners or purchasers, 
but not more than one permit will be issued for less than the pro- 
tective limit number of stock because of such division, 

A renewal of permit may be allowed the purchaser of stock grazed 
under permit and tlie ranches used in connection therewith, provided 
that the permittee from whom the stock is purchased has used the 
range during three or more successive years and the purchaser has 
secured a w^aiver from the permittee of all preference in renewal of 
the permit. The mere purchase of stock grazed under permit will 
not entitle the purchaser to share in the grazing privilege, but if he 
is the owner of improved ranch property which is commensurate, 
and used in connection, with the stock a renewal of permit may be 
allowed for not to exceed 80 per cent of the number of stock pur- 
chased, and provided that a full renewal will be allowed if the 
purchaser is a resident ranch owner who does not own a total of 
more than the protective limit number of stock. Wlien all stock 
grazed under permit and all ranch property used in connection 
thereof by a permittee is purchased a full renewal of permit may be 
allowed subject to the maximum limit restriction and to necessary 
reductions applicable to other permits of the same class. 

SETTLEMENT OF CONTROVERSIES. 

Reg. G-14. Whenever there is a dispute between grazing appU- 
cants for the same area the Supervisor will notify them to appear 
before him at a stated time and place, to make a statement of 
their claims. After all evidence has been presented the Supervisor 
will decide who shall be granted permits, and will forthwith notify 
each party to the dispute of his decision and his reasons therefor, 
which will be final unless written notice of appeal to the District 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 13 

Forester is ^iven within 10 days thereafter. Upon filing such notice 
20 days will be allowed for preparation of the case for presentation 
to the District Forester. 

APPEALS. 

Reg. G-15. The disapproval of an application for grazing privi- 
leges, the denial of an increase or the requirement of a reduction in 
the number of stock covered by a permit in its renewal, or the dis- 
approval of a request for a certain range allotment by the Super- 
visor shall be considered final unless written request for a recon- 
sideration of the case is filed with the Supervisor within 10 days 
from the date of the receipt of his decision. The decision of the 
Supervisor after a reconsicleration of the case shall be considered 
final unless written notice of appeal to the District Forester is filed 
with the Supervisor within 10 days from the receipt of his decision. 
The decision of the District Forester, under this or the foregoing 
regulation, shall be considered final unless written notice of appeal 
to the Forester is filed with the District Forester within 10 days 
from the receipt of his decision. Appeal may also be taken to the 
Secretary of Agriculture from adverse decisions of the Forester and 
must be presented to the Secretary of Agriculture within 30 days 
from notice of the decision of the Forester. Appeal under this or 
the foregoing regulation to the District Forester, the Forester, or the 
Secretary of Agriculture will avail only when it is shown by the 
evidence submitted that the decision is not warranted by the facts 
or is contrary to the grazing regulations or the instructions covering 
the allotment of grazing privileges. 

BONDS. 

Reg. G-16. Whenever it is necessary for the protection of a 
National Forest, or of the interests dependent upon it, the Supervisor 
may require the owners of transient stock, or nonresidents of the 
State or Territory in which the National Forest is located, or persons 
who have persistently violated the regulations of the Secretary of 
Agriculture to give good and sufficient bond to insure payment for 
all damage sustained by the Government through violation of the 
regulations or the terms of the permit. 

PERMITS NOT TRANSFERABLE. 

Reg. G-17. Permits will be granted only for the exclusive use and 
benefit of the owners of the stock, jnid will be forfeited if sold or 
transferred in any manner or for any consideration. If stock grazed 
under permit is sold during the term of the permit the original permit 
must be surrendered to the Supervisor, who upon receipt of evidence 
that the sale is bona fide will cancel the original permit and will 
issue, free of charge, an amended permit to the original permittee 
for the number of stock retained and a permit to the purchaser for 
the number of stock purchased, wdiich will allow the grazing of such 
stock upon the National Forest during the remainder of the permit 
period. Action upon the application of the ])urchaser in subsequent 
permit allotments will be m accordance w^th the regulations and 
instructions governing the renewal of permits to purchasers. 



14 NATIONAL. FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

ON AND OFF PERMITS. 

Reg. G-18. Persons owning stock which reguhirly graze on ranges 
only partially included witliin a National Forest, or upon range which 
includes private land of unlvnown ownersliip, may be granted permits 
for such portion of their stock as the circumstances appear to justify, 
but may be required so to herd or handle their stock as to prevent 
trespassing by that portion for which a permit is not granted. 

PRIVATE LANDS. 

Reg. G-19. Persons who own, or who have leased from the owners, 
unfenced land within any National Forest wliich they desire to use 
for grazing purposes ^\•ithout being required to keep their stock upon 
the land, upon waiving the right to the exclusive use of the private 
land and allowing it to remain open to other stock grazed upon 
National Forest land under permit, will be allowed, free of charge, 
to graze the number of stock upon the National Forest which the 
private lands will support. 

The application must be accompanied by a personal certificate of 
title showing the description and ownership of the land, and, if 
leased from an ow^ier, a copy of the lease, ancl must state the number 
and kind of stock permit is desired for, the range which it is desired 
to occupy, and the period during wliich the stock -vvill remain upon 
the Forest. Permits will be subject to the same restrictions regarding 
the use of the range as permits issued under other regulations. 

CROSSING PERMITS. 

Reg. G-20. Persons wishing to drive stock across any portion of a 
National Forest to reach either private or pubhc lands, except when 
the stock will be driven along a public highway or will not be grazed 
upon National Forest lands, must make application to the Supervisor 
or other Forest officer for a permit to graze the stock en route and 
must have a permit from the Supervisor, or such other Forest officer 
as he may designate, before entering the National Forest. The appU- 
cation must state the number of stock to be driven, the date of start- 
ing, and period required for passage. Grazing must be confined to 
the limits and along the route designated by the Forest officers, and 
will only be allowed for the period necessary for stock to cross the 
National Forest. 

ADVISORY BOARDS. 

Reg. G-21. Whenever any live stock association whose member- 
ship includes a majority of the owners of any class of live stock using 
a National Forest or portion thereof shall select a committee, _ an 
agreement on the part of which shall be binding upon the association, 
such committee, upon application to the District Forester, may be 
recognized as an advisor}^ board for the association, and shall then 
be entitled to receive notice of proposed action and have an oppor- 
tunity to be heard by the local Forest officer in reference to increase 
or decrease in the number of stock to be allowed for any year, the 
division of the range between different classes of stock or their 
owners, or the adoption of special rules to meet local conditions. 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 15 

Wlienever a State livestock association appoints an advisory 
board it may be recognized by the District Forester and consulted 
with in re<>;ard to matters wliich affect the general administration of 
the National Forests within the entire State. 

Whenever a National livestock association, representing the owners 
of any kind of stock, appoints an advisory board or committee rep- 
resenting the users of the National Forests in all of the different 
States, it will be recognized by the Secretary of Agriculture and the 
Forester and considted with annually regarding matters which con- 
cern the general welfare of the stockmen using the National Forest 
ranges. 

COUNTING STOCK. 

Reg. G-22. When an owner who has a permit is ready to drive in 
his stock he must notify the nearest Forest officer, by mail or other- 
wise, stating the number to be driven in. If called upon to do so, 
he must provide for having his stock counted before entering a 
National Forest, or at any time afterwards when the number of 
stock appears to be greater than the number covered by permit. 
Whenever any stock is removed before the expiration of the permit, 
it can be replaced by other stock to fill out the number covered by 
permit if the Forest officer is notified of such action at once. 

DAMAGE TO ROADS, TRAILS, OR SPRINGS. 

Reg. G-23. Each person or group of persons granted grazing per- 
mits must re])alr all damage to roads or trails caused by the presence 
of their stock in any portion of a National Forest, and build any 
new roads or trails found necessary for the proper handling of their 
stock. They must also fence any spring or seep which is being dam- 
aged by the tramping of their stock, and, if requu'ed by the Supervisor, 
must pipe the water into troughs for watering stock. Such troughs 
must be open for public use. 

BEDDING SHEEP AND GOATS. 

Reg. G-24. Sheep and goats must not be bedded more than six 
nights in succession in the same place, except when bediling bands 
of ewes during lambing season ; and must not be bedded within 300 
yards of any running stream or living spring, except in rare cases 
where this restriction is clearly imj^racticable. 

DISPOSITION OF CARCASSES. 

Reg. G-25. The carcasses of all animals which die on the National 
Forest from contagious or infectious diseases must be burned and the 
carcasses of all animals which die in the close \icinity of water must 
be removed immediately, and buried or burned. 

SALTING STOCK. 

Reg. G-26. Whenever the Forest officers rec[uire it, all stock 
grazed under permit must be salted regularly at such places and in 
such manner as they may designate. 



16 NATIONAL. FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

QUARANTINE AND LOCAL LAWS. 

Reg. G-27. All stock which is grazed under permit in, or allowed 
to cross, any National Forest w'll be required to conform to the quar- 
antine regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture, and all live stock 
laws of the State or Territory in which the National Forest is located. 
Forest officers will cooperate with State or Territorial officials, so far 
as they can ^vitllout undue interference ^vdth then' regular Forest 
work, to enforce local laws for the protection of stock, and will 
promptly inform the State officials of all violations discovered. 

PROTECTION OF GAME, FISH, AND BIRDS. 

Reg. G-28. All Forest officers will cooperate with State or Terri- 
torial officials, so far as they can \\dthout undue interference with 
their regular Forest work, to enforce local laws for the protection of 
birds, fish, and game. Wlien properly authorized to do so they will 
act without additional pay as deputy game wardens with full power 
to enforce local laws, but may not accept any fees or rewards orparts 
of fines on account of the enforcement of State game laws. Forest 
officers and employees ma}', however, accept any bounties voluntarily 
offered by any State or county or any association or individual for 
the destruction of predatory wild animals. 



INSTRUCTIONS TO FOREST OFFICERS. 

U. S. DeparTxAient of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, 
Washiiu/ton, D. C, March 18, 1911. 
The following procedure and instructions are hereby established 
and issued to take effect May 1, 1911, governing the enforcement of 
the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to the grazing 
of live stock in the National Forests. 

H. S. Graves, Forester. 
Approved : 

James Wilson, Secretary. 



ALLOTMENTS. (Reg. G-1.) 

The Secretary of Agriculture prescribes the number and class of stock 
to be allowed upon each Forest and the schedule of 
°^ ^' grazing fees. The yearlong fees for each Forest within 

the limits prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture are determined 
by the Forester to secure uniformity between different administrative 
districts. The short grazing periods and the accompanying fees are 
determined within the limits j^rescribed by the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture by the District Forester to secure uniformity between different 
Forests in the same District. 

When an application is received for grazing a kind of stock which 

Appucations, for ^^^ ^^^ becii provided for by the Secretary of Agri- 

an unauthorized culture, a full report witli recommendations will be 

c ass o s DC . niade to the District Forester and his instructions 

received before disapproval of the application. 

All instructions in reference to the issuance of permits for any 

Allowance letters One year will remain in force during subsequent 

effective until re- years uiilcss revoked or superseded by other 

voked. ^ i J.- ^ "^ 

instructions. 
All stock upon which fees are paid are counted against the 
stock chargeable number of stock allowed upon a Forest by the 
against auotment. Secretary of Agriculture. 

Stock grazed free of charge under Reg. G-2 or under Reg. G-19, 

stock not charge- stock grazed under free permits issued on account 

able against auot- of the Sale and transfer of stock, Reg. G-1 7, or under 

free crossing permits, Reg. G-20, and stock under 6 

months old at time of entry, which is the natural increase of stock 

covered by permit, are not chargeable against the allotment. 

The total number of stock allowed under paid permit upon the 

Forest at any one time during the year must not 

not b*eelceeded™"^* cxcccd the number authorized by the Secretary of 

Agriculture nnder Reg. G-1. 

When the issuance of permits for different short periods causes the 

total number of stock covered by all permits issued during the year 

86104°— 11 2 17 



18 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GEAZING. 

to exceed the number authorized, an explanatory note should be 
added in making the annual report at the end of the fiscal year. 

Where Forests are created or additions made after the beginning 
AUowancesonnew ^f tlic grazing scason the Secretary of Agriculture, 
Forests or addi- exccpt uudcr uuusual circumstanccs, wdl authorize 
*'°"^" the grazing use of the area free of charge and with- 

out permit until the beginning of the next grazing year by all per- 
sons who have regularly used the range during preceding years for 
any class of stock. 

During the first season a Forest or new addition is vmder adminis- 
tration, the Supervisor should make an investigation 
newadditioSs!^^ °^ to ascertain the names of the stoclanen using the 
range and the number of each Idnd of stock they are 
grazing upon it, and any other information necessary for him to make 
proper recommendations in his annual Forest plan in reference to 
grazing allowances, periods, rates, and the division of the range 
into grazing districts. This may be accomplished by sending to the 
rangers a list of all questions upon which the Supervisor desires 
information. 

If he considers it necessary for the proper control of grazing upon 
newly created Forests or upon new additions to the Forests, the 
Supervisor may issue herders' identification cards to persons who 
show priority in the use of the range, retaining a record of each 
card . 

Since the Secretary of Agriculture's authorization is based upon 
the Supervisor's estimate of the grazing capacity of 

razing es ima e. ^^.^ Forcst, the estimate should be carefully prepared. 
The first step should be to divide the entire range among the different 
classes of stock. Having ascertained the area of 
mruonditions. ^°^' range available for each class of stock, the number it 
will support will be determined . This estimate should , 
as far as possible, be based upon the normal condition of the range 
and should not be varied from year to year to meet departures from 
normal, except as a measure of Forest protection. Increased capac- 
ity due to natural conditions known to be abnormal should not be 
accepted as grounds for increases in the numbers of stock. The 
allotment should in every case be low enough to prevent damage to 
the Forest. 

In preparing estimates, the Supervisor will not consider the carry- 
ing capacity of the following classes of land: 
^^Landsnotconsid- Patented lands of any character. 
^Subsisting mining locations. 

Entries under United States land laws. 

Indian allotments. 

State lands granted or selected under Acts of Congress. 

Railroad lands within primary grant limits. 

Surveyed and selected railroad lands within indemnity limits or 
other selections provided for by law. 

Subsisting squatter's claims. 

The carrying capacity of all Government lands within the National 
Forests not otherwise reserved or closed to grazing 
estimate''*^'^*^^*^ ^^ ^or protective purposes and unsurveyed school sec- 
tions or unsurveyed lands within indemnity limits of 
railroad grants should be considered in the estimate. 



NATIONAL FOKEST MANUAL GRAZING, 19 

The permits issued by the Forest wService do not grant authority 
to graze stock upon any except National Forest lands, 
landr^""^ "'^ private ^^^^[ ^|^g Government is not responsible for the intru- 
sion of permitted stock upon private lands. Contro- 
versies must be settled between the owner of the stock and the 
owner of the land under the State laws and in the State courts. They 
are not violations of the regulations and do not require action by the 
Forest Service. 

Grazing periods will be established for each National Forest to meet 

the general needs of the people and to secure an 

Grazing periods, gconomical usc of the forage. No reduction in grazing 

fees will be made when the stock do not graze upon the National 

Forest during the entire period allowed, nor will an increased number 

of stock be allowed to enter the Forest for this reason. 

The Supervisor may allow stock to enter not more than 15 days 
in advance of the date fixed for the beginning of a 
^^^^^^°^ ^^ ^"' sraziiio: period, or allow it to remain 15 davs after the 
expiration without additional charge, when the needs 
of the people demand such action and the condition of the range 
warrants. The additional time will not be stated in the permit, but 
permission to enter before or remain after the regularly established 
dates will be given either b}^ general notice or by a letter written to 
the applicant. 

In fixing the grazing periods, an endeavor is made to make them 
meet local conditions and to allow grazing when the 

Points to consider. ,-, • ,• i° iij.iT_i. 

particular range m question can be used to the best 
advantage without injury to the Forest. It is inadvisable to hold 
stock on winter ranges in feed lots after the range within a Forest is 
ready for use. It is still more inadvisable to allow stock on Forest 
ranges before the feed has started, or while the range is so wet that 
the stock will cause injury to both forage and tree growth. The 
condition of the range rather than the desires of the applicants must 
determine the period. Supervisors should endeavor to recommend 
seasons which secure the best use of the range without damage. 
When grazing periods have been fixed by the Forester or the District 

Forester, stockmen will be required to secure permit 

Special seasons. , ', « <. ,, pii-i o -i 

and pay the tee lor the ruU period. Special seasons 
can be allowed only in cases where the circumstances render such 
action absolutely necessary. For example, if a certain range will 
support 10,000 head of sheep from June 1 to October 31 , its incomplete 
utilization means a loss of forage values, a loss of revenue to the 
Government, and a loss of opportunity by others than the permittees 
to put stock on the range. 

On Forests where all controversies have been settled and conditions 

are such that under ordinary circumstances no 
tiJnr'^^^"^ apphca- j^^^terial changes are liable to be made in ranges, 

grazing areas, or the number of stock allowed, the 
Supervisor may recommend the acceptance of five-year applications, 
which, upon approval by the District Forester, will be authorized by 
the Secretary of Agriculture. The permit will be issued annually 
and the approval of the application for a five-year period will only 
guarantee a renewal from year to year during the five-year period in 
the event that grazing is authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture, 
and there is no cancellation of the permit by him. 



20 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

All applications for grazing during a term of years which are 
approved for more than the protective limit number 

Annual reduction. n ± i -ni. i*j.j. i i^- ^ 

or stock Will be subject to an annual reduction not 
exceeding 5 per cent to provide for the issuance of permits to new 
settlers within or in the immediate vicinity of the National Forest, 
and to any additional reduction which may be necessary to stop 
damage to the Forest. Applications for the renewal of permits at the 
expiration of the term of years, if approved, will be subject to such 
reduction as may be necessary to provide for the issuance of permits 
to other new settlers or new owners. 

Permits during a term of years will not be authorized on Forests 

where it is apparent that the number of stock using 

the Forest must be materially reduced to stop damage 
to range or Forest, or where radical changes may be necessary to adjust 
the rights of permittees. 
Since the approval of applications for permits during five-year 

periods is entirely for the purpose of giving better 
pprova o uses. g^j.yj^,^ ^^ ^^q stockmcu, the systcm should not be 

recommended unless it meets with the approval of a reasonable num- 
ber of the users of the Forest, Supervisors who have been authorized 
to approve applications for term permits need not insist upon their 
acceptance if the stockmen do not care to take advantage of the privi- 
lege or, having done so, desire to discontinue it. 
Monthly permits will be authorized only for winter grazing where 
special conditions warrant it. Despite the fact that 

Monthly permits. .\ ■, ■ j. £ j.\ -j.^ 

they may be more convenient lor the permittees, 
there are several factors which render the general issuance of permits 
on a monthly basis impracticable from an administrative viewpoint. 
The first is that the practice will result in a disregard of the periods 
of use to which the ranges are naturally achipted, with consequent 
incomplete utilization, alternate understocking and overstocking, loss 
of range capacity, loss of control, and loss of revenue. Another 
objectionable feature of the monthly permit system is that it would 
require each ranger to keep account of the dates upon which each 
permit began and ended, and each Supervisor to maintain a similar 

record. Such permits would necessarily be subject 
Notpractica. ^^ exteiisioii and additional payments would be 
required. For these reasons special seasons will not be allowed 
unless demanded by exceptional conditions. 

Winter ranges should not be allotted for use during the sunimer if 

^ such action will prevent their proper use during the 

n er ranges. winter by settlers residing in or near the Forest who 

are dependent upon such ranges for wintering their stock. A range 

which can not be used during the summer season but forms a part of 

the winter range can not be classified as an unused range in the sense 

that term is used when vSupervisors are authorized to allow permits 

for increased numbers of stock contingent upon the development of 

unused ranges by the creation of new sources of water supply, etc. 

Upon receipt in the District office of the Supervisor's annual plan 

the grazing section will be referred to the office of 

Grazing. The Assistant District Forester in charge 

will review the report of grazing conditions and pass upon the recom- 

District office mendations. He will then prepare a memorandum 

to the Forester recommending the number of each 
class of stock to be authorized upon the Forest during the following 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING, 21 

season. A letter for the signature of the District Forester to the 
Supervisor will then be prepared giving detailed instructions for the 
handling of the grazing during the coming season and covering the 
following points : 

1. The number of stock of each class authorized. 

2. The grazing periods. 

3. The grazing fees. 

4. Allotment of stock. 

5. Special points of policy or administration. 

6. Instructions for advertising. 

Two carbons of this letter undated and signed by the District 
Forester and bearing a space for the Forester's approval, together with 
the District Forester's memorandum and a copy of the grazing sec- 
tion of the Supervisor's annual Forest plan, will be forwarded to the 
Forester, the original of the District Forester's letter being held in a 
waiting file. 

After its receipt in Washington and after the authorization for 
Washington office gi'-^^ing has been signed by the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture and the yearlong fees approved by the Forester, 
the District Forester will be notified by wire and the approved carbon 
of his letter mailed to him. On receipt of the telegraphic approval 
he will date and mail his instructions to the Supervisor after making 
the proper entries on the authorization record card. (Form 404.) 
If modifications of the District Forester's letters are required he will 
be notified by letter and will change his instructions to the Supervisor 
accordingly. 



STOCK EXEMPT FROM PERMIT. (Reg. G-2.) 

No stock may be grazed without a permit, except milch or work 
animals which are in actual use. A settler owning only 10 head or 
less of stock which are neither milch nor w^ork animals will be required 
to apply for permit and pay the grazing fees, while a settler owning 
any number of stock will be allowed to graze 10 head of milch or work 
animals without permit and free of charge. 

The privilege must not be abused, but, on the other hand, some 
discretion may be used in the interpretation of the 
pe^^'sors""" °^ ^"^ term "milch 6r work aniinals." The settler's family 
may be using all the milk produced or he may be 
operating a dairy. Saddle animals may be used for handling stock 
grazed under permit and at the same time be stock horses which are 
bred or sold by the permittee as a part of his stock business. Work 
horses may be used in timber sales or improvement work for a part of 
the season and for other purposes during the remainder of the time. 
Milch cows may dry up and run on the range during a part of the 
season. The determination of whether an exemption may or ma}^ not 
be allowed rests with the Supervisor, the only restriction being that 
each class of animals must be used for the purposes mentioned at 
least during a part of each year, or else must be covered by a graz- 
ing permit. A saddle horse not in use and turned out to graze dur- 
ing any entire established season should be covered by permit. 

In cases where transportation companies are grazing large numbers 
of horses which are used in transporting travelers wdthin National 
Forests, the stock must be covered by permit. 

Special concessions may be made by the Secretary of Agriculture 
to Indians who are dependent upon the use of the 
to^Sns!"''"''''"'' National Forest ranges for the pasturage of their 
stock. In all cases where it appears that concessions 
should be made to Indians a report of the facts will be made by the 
Supervisor to the District Forester who will forward a copy of the 
report to the Forester wdth suitable recommendations. 

Rangers will keep a record and include in their report for the 

Record of stock quarter ending September 30 each year, a statement 

grazed without per- of the approximate number of owners and of stock 

™'*' grazed without permit in each district, in order that 

the Supervisor may consider it in his annual Forest plan. 

22 



DISTRICTS AND DIVISIONS. (Reg. G-3.) 

The o;razing of an}" class of stock upon any part of a National 
Forest is allowed under aiithorit}" of the Secretary of Ao:riculture. 
By authority of the act of June 4, 1897. regulations of the Secretary 
of Agriculture govern the use of public lands witliin the National 
Forests and are supreme, even though the State law is in conflict 
with them. Wlien not in conflict with the Federal law, the State 
law is effective. 

It is wdthm the authority of the Supervisor to close an area from all 
"•razino-, to reduce the number of stock allowed ui^on 

Exclusion of stock. P. P' i-i-i-. i .• i £ J ^ 

it, or to prombit its use by certain classes or stock 
when the silvicultural needs of the Forest demand it. For instance, 
sheep may be excluded from a timber-sale area for a certain number 
of years after cutting; or, in a year of scarcity of mast, hogs (other- 
wise permitted) may be excluded from the oak type. Wliere plant- 
ing operations are being carried on, it will usually be necessary to 
exclude all classes of stock. 

If silvical investigations show that grazing is responsible for the 
scantiness or lack of rej^rodiiction over a considerable area, a portion 
of it may be withdrawn from range use until young growth has 
become established, several years later another portion, and so on 
until the whole area has been treated. It is desirable, of course, to 
secure the welfare of the Forest with the least possible friction or 
interference with the stock interests. Wlien it becomes necessary to 
prohibit all grazing on an area of such an extent as to necessitate a 
reduction of the number of stock allowed on the Forest for the pur- 
pose of forest protection or to protect the water supply of a com- 
munity, the Supervisor should request an investigation from the 
District office. If it is found necessary, the Supervisor, with the 
District Forester's approval, will take the action. Where action of 
this sort can not be effected by a shift in ranges but will result in a 
cut in the number allowed a permittee or in the entire exclusion of 
his stock, co]:)ies of the letters rejecting the application or amending 
a permit will be sent the District office with necessary explanations 
in order that the District Forester may be in a position to answer 
complaints. Where the cancellation of a permit is entailed, the 
District Forester will take the action. Except in emergency cases 
closures should be made to take effect at the beginnmg of the grazing 
season and outstanding permits allowed to stand through the period 
granted. 

Wlien any area witliin a National Forest contains a growth of 

poisonous plants in such quantity as to make dan- 
wan!fng.°"^ plant (rgj-Q^jg j^g use for grazing and the danger period has 

been determined, the exterior limits of the area will 
be posted with warning notices (Form 766) cautioning stockmen 
against allowing their stock to graze within the area during the time 
wiien the poisonous plant is dangerous. 

23 



^4 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

The ranges within the National Forests shonkl be used by the kind 
of stock for which they are best adapted, except 
cifsf of ringed ^^^^ wheii this would not be consistent with the welfare 
of the local residents or the proper protection of the 
Forests. Wlien an application is received for a kind of stock not 
previously allowed to graze npon a range, the Supervisor should deter- 
mine, first, w^iether the change can be made without injury to the 
Forest or the flow of streams ; second, to which class of stock the range 
is best adapted; and, tliird, whether the change will be detrimental to 
the interests of the people residing in the vicinity of the range. The 
change \vi\\ be made l)y the District Forester only wdien all three 
conditions are favorable. 

For convenience of administration. Forests will be di^^.ded into 
grazing districts. A typical Forest with an area of 
ange s c s. 1^000,000 acrcs should usually be divided into from 
four to six districts, wliich may be natural grazing units, natural 
administrative units, or parts of the Forest used by difl'erent classes 
of stock growers or different classes of stock. Wherever possible 
they will coincide wdth the lines of the administrative districts. 

These should also be divided into grazing di\dsions which should 
be natural grazing units defined by topographic 
ange son. boundaries with their Hmits determined largely by 
the class of stock which is to use them. Cattle and horses ordinarily 
graze both ways from a stream but seldom cross the summits of the 
surrounding ridges. Shee]) and goats ordinarily graze the crest and 
slopes of a ridge or mountain but will cross none but shallow streams 
except on bridges. This should be kept in mind in fixing range 
boundary lines. Divisions, being smaller than a district, should 
usually be for the use of one class of stock and should be designated 
by well-known local names, such as ''Mormon Lake Division." 
These range divisions may, wdiere advisable, be di\4ded into indi\adual 
ranges. 

Cattle and horses will be allotted individual ranges when topo- 
graphic conditions and methods of handling make it 
aiiotm^n^s*^ '^"^^ practicable, but sheep and goats will be in every case, 
unless unusual circumstances prevent. The confine- 
ment of cattle or horses to individual ranges in a flat country would, 
of course, necessitate constant riding and increase the cost of handhng 
and is therefore inadvisable. When cattle and horses are assigned 
individual ranges, the permittees will be required to make a reason- 
able effort to keep their stock witliin the limits of their range divisions. 
The manner in which sheep and goats are handled makes individual 
allotments both practicable and desirable. The mixmg of herds 
and the consequent loss of lambs are avoided and each permittee is 
encouraged to improve range conditions by better methods of han- 
dling his stock. The lines of individual sheep allotments should be 
as clearly defined as possible and every effort should be made to 
have them thoroughly understood by the herders and camp tenders 
immediately after the sheep enter the range. A full description 
should be WTitten in or on the back of the permit, and the bound- 
aries should be marked where practicable with posters. (Form 
222.) When range conditions are fairly well settled the practice of 
furnishing each permittee w^th a copy of a map showing his own 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING. 25 

and the surrounding ranges is an excellent one. In making in- 
dividual range allotments the number of cattle and horses which 
will stray upon them must be considered and proper allow^ance 
made foi this excess. 

Whenever it appears necessary for stock to cross regularly any 
portion of a National Forest the Supervisor will 

nveways. report the fact, with a description of the regular 

route traveled, the width of driveway necessary to allow the proper 
grazing of stock en route, the number and class of stock which will 
probably cross, and the number of days required for crossing. 

Upon receipt of such a report, if the circumstances warrant, and 

grazing upon the area of the kind of stock involved 

Diltrict^Forefter^'' has bccu authorized by the Forester, the District 

Forester will establish the driveway and defuie the 

rights to be granted. 

Permits will be required for stock crossing the Forest on a regular 
drivewa}^ 

If occasion demands, rangers may be detailed to accompany the 
stock and see that there is no delay or trespassing. 

The driveway should be as short, as easy of passage and access 
as the character of the country will permit. It should also be estab- 
lished with care for the interests of permittees using adjoining ranges, 
and it is most important that it should be properly marked with 
posters along the exterior Timits, as suits and prosecutions for stray- 
ing therefrom can not easily be mamtamed in the absence of such 
notices. 



GRAZING FEES. (Reg. G-4.) 

The full grazing fee will be charged on all animals under six months 
of age which are not the natural increase of stock upon which the 
fees are paid. 

Grazing permits for the summer season may be extended to cover 

the entire j^ear whenever there is winter range avail- 

^Extension of per- ^^^^ within the National Forest, upon the pa^anent 

of the difference between the summer and yearlong 

rates on stock covered by the original permit and on all animals 

which have reached the age of 6 months during .the summer period. 

In the extension of permits for the summer season to cover the 
yearlong period, supplemental permits for the number of stock 
which have reached the age of 6 months, in excess of the number 
covered by the permit for the summer season, may be issued whenever 
this will not result in injury to the Forest. 

Any increase in the number of stock allowed under such an exten- 
sion is temporary, and the applicant's preference for the following 
year will be based on his original permit. 

In determining the rates for periods less than one year, no division 
of less than one-fourth of 1 cent will be made ui the rates for sheep, 
goats, or swine, or of less than 1 cent in the rates for cattle and 
horses. For example, if in computing the rate for a short period on 
sheep the result obtained is 6.8 the rate vnll be fixed at 6| cents, 
but if the result is 6.9 the rate will be fixed at 7 cents. Under the 
same plan if the result obtained in computing the rate for a short 
period on cattle is 2S.5, the rate will be fixed at 28 cents, but if the 
result is 28.6 the rate will be fLxed at 29 cents. 

There is no law which authorizes the leasing of National Forest 
lands for grazing purposes and there are several 
reasons why the use of National Forest ranges under 
an acreage lease system is impracticable. It would greatly increase 
the difficulty of proper silvical development, prevent a proper use 
of ranges under abnormal natural conditions, and tend to exclude 
the smallest owners. Adequate protection of the Forest would be 
rendered difficult if not impossible because a lease even though 
filled with careful restrictions would give the lessee some right to 
dictate the use to which the area would be put. During the tenure 
of the lease no part of the tract could be closed to grazing even 
though the necessity was urgent to prevent the destruction or seed- 
lings, to secure reproduction on cut-over or burned areas, or to pro- 
tect important watersheds. The privilege would be a fixed instead 
of a flexible one, and if during the period forage was destroyed by 
fu"e, insects, or other cause the stock would have to be removed from 
the Forest instead of being transferred temporarily to another range. 
The leasing system would practically result in a number of individual 
allotments eciual to the number of permittees and tliis would tend 
to shut out the small owner because he could not afford to hold his 

26 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 27 

stock upon the small area to which he would be entitled. Fencing 
of the leased areas would necessitate leases for a term of years, and 
term leases w^ould not only hamper Forest management, but also 
preclude recognition of new ai)plicants who might be entitled to 
range. 

The majority of the National Forest users are small owners who 
prefer the right to graze a fixed number of stock rather than the 
right to use a specified range, with a maximum but no minimiun 
limit. 

The rates charged for sheep as shown in Reg. G-4 are, when the 
quality of the range and advantages are equal, 30 
arges or s leep. ^^^^_ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ratcs charged for cattle for the fol- 
io v.ing reasons: 

First. The proportionate number of stock under 6 months of age 
grazed free on pcM-mits is much greater with sheep than with cattle. 
In the feed lot the amount of feed required for one cow wdl support 
eight shecji. On the National Forest range, where only the grown 
stock is counted, the pro])ortion is reduced to one to five, because the 
proportion of lambs to the old stock is much greater than the propor- 
tion of calves, and also because lambs mature more rapidly than 
calves and require more feed. 

Second. Under the customary methods of handling stock upon the 
range, sheep are more destructive to the young forest growth than 
cattle, being herded in bands while cattle are turned loose. The 
amount of forage destroyed by trampling by herded animals is also 
much greater than the amount destroyed by animals running loose. 
Careful investigation has shown that herded animals require from 
25 to 50 per cent more range than animals which are turned loose. 
This justifies a fin-ther reduction in the comparative charges to tlie 
rates for grazing sheep and goats fLxed by the regulation. 

In ordinary range management it is found that horses req^uire 
, ^ about 25 per cent more range space during a given 

Charges for horses. • i ,i ^ • • i i 1-1 t T i-j.- 

])eriod trian is required by cattle, in many localities 
horses utilize feed that would otherwise remain unused and con- 
sequently often graze upon fully stocked cattle or sheep ranges 
without any injury from overgrazing, but as they are more readily 
disturbed, travel greater distances and at greater speed than cattle, 
they do more damage to forage and tree growth through ti'am])ling 
and as a result require more of the range. 

The forage consumed by swine is difficult to compare with that 

consumed by cattle, as their feed is mast, roots, and 
Charges for swine. |^^j||-jg^ rather than forage grasses and plants, but in 
purposes of administration two head of swine will be c:?)nsidered equal 
to one cow. On account of the cost of regulating hog grazing, the veiy 
large proportionate natural increase, and the damage from rooting, 
60 to 75 per cent of the rate for cattle is equitable. 

A baiul of dry slieep will not consume as much forage as a band 

of ewes with lambs, but since they will run and mass 
sheep."^^*^ ^°^ ^^^ to a greater degree the demand on range is about 

equal. The high summer ranges of the National For- 
ests are required to enable ewes to produce the maximum amount of 
milk to give the lambs the growth they require to prepare them for 
market. Therefore as between the two classes the higher and better 
ranges should be given to the ewes and lambs. The absence of lambs 



28 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

in a band does not justify any reduction below the rates charged for 
ewes with lambs, and persons grazing dry sheep will not be given a 
reduction in rates or an increase in number. 

The additional charge of 2 cents per head for the privilege of lambing 
ewes u]:)on the National Forests is intended to be an 
^^charge for lamb- ^^^j^.-^ charge for a Special use of the range. It should 
not be included with the season fee but should be fig- 
ured separately upon the basis of the number of ewes or does to be 
lambed or Iddded. The control of suitable lambing grounds is one of 
the most important factors in successful sheep raismg. The intensive 
method under which sheep must be handled during the lambing season 
causes more damage to the range than ordinary grazing, and the lamb- 
ing charge is made for the use of the range for a special purpose which 
causes more than oidinary damage to the range. It is not on account 
of the additional feed required by the lambs. 

The phrase "for the purpose of lambing or Iddding" should be 
construed to mean the use of a range during the period from the tune 
the first lambs or kids are born until the herds are made up for sum- 
mer grazing, or ordinarily the period during which the herd is on the 
lambing grounds. The mere fact that lambing corrals are located 
upon patented land within the Forest or upon public lands irmnedi- 
ately adjacent will not relieve a permittee from the payment of the 
lambing charge. Two cents per head will be charged in all cases 
where drop bands are grazed upon the Forest or where ewe bands 
enter the Forest immediately after the lambs are dropped and before 
the herds are made up for the summer. If a lambing ground is 
located partly witliin a Forest and partl}^ outside, or on private lands, 
so that the stock A\dll be grazed on and off the Forest during the 
lambing period, there should be a division of the extra charge for 
lambing on the same basis as the on-and-ofT grazing fee. 

Wliile it is true that in some cases ewes or does entering the Forest 
with lambs or kids after the herds are first made up must be confined 
to a limited area until the young are able to travel and consequently 
damage the range to an unusual extent, the element of special use 
and damage is not present and they will be charged for at the regu- 
lar rate established for sheep and goats for the period. 



PAYMENTS AND PERMITS. (Reg. G-5.) 

In cases wliere it is difliciilt beforeliaiul to detei-minc the use that can 
be made of a privile^'c, permits slioiild be issued for the 
bi^in adlince.^^''^' cstal^hslicd jiciiod wlucli most closely meets the require- 
ments of the case. Special authority may be secured 
later for refund of the unearned portion of the fee ^vhen the circum- 
stances warrant on the basis of the percentage of use secured by the 
permittee. Since a refund requires the approval of the District For- 
ester, permits must not be issued with the undei'standing that a refund 
will be made. 

If an emer<2;ency requires that stock be allowed to enter the Forest 
immediately, the District Forester may authorize the 
si^nT'^^^'^^^*^"''''^^" Supervisor to allow tlie stock to enter u])on evidence 
that the fee has been forwaixled to the United States 
Depository, the permit to be issued when notice of receipt of the re- 
mittance is received. In no case will stock be allowed to enter the For- 
est before remittance has been made. 

The last parap;ra])h of this Iveo;ulation should be enforced within 
the discretion conferred by the regulation. It is not 
^j^onpayment of ^j^^ intention to bar the applicant from all future use 
of the range because he fails to pay his grazing fee for 
one season. If he fails and his stock graze upon the Forest he 
becomes a ti'es])asser and may be denied a permit until he settles 
his trespass; or, if he makes a])]^lication without intending to use the 
range but merely to hold it to the exclusion of other applicants, he 
may be denied a permit. If his failure to make the required pay- 
ment does not deprive others of range or necessitate a readjustment 
of grazing allotments, it may be overlooked and need not be made 
the grounds for a rejection of an application. 

Upon receipt of notice by the Supervisor that the 

fees have been paid a permit will be issued. 

When the amount paid is less than the amount due, the Supervisor 

will notify the applicant to remit the remainder, 

paymlnt.""^^ ^"'' withholding the permit until he does so. If after a 

reasonable time the applicant fails to remit the 

amount due, the Supervisor may issue a permit for the number of 

stock which the fees paid will cover. 

Grazing permits will be issued only for authorized periods, except 
when it is necessary to shorten the period to stop damage to the 
Forest. 

Yearlong permits will begin at the opening of the summer grazing 
season and end on the day preceding the corresponding date of the 
following year. 

29 



30 ' NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GEAZING, 

Unless the range to be occupied is clearly stated in each permit, a 
^ . ^. suit for trespass brought against a permittee for 

Range description. . i-ii ,i i-.i c-i 

grazmg his stock on the ranges or others may rail. 

The permit will be jjrepared in triplicate and given the number of 

the application on wliich it is issued. The original, 

accompanied by the original letter of transmittal, 

will be sent the permittee, one copy to the ranger interested, and the 

third filed in the Supervisor's office. 

Term permits will show the year for which issueil, thus: "Five- 
year period, first year." 

The District Forester may in his discretion require copies of per- 
mits issued to be sent to him for review. 



REFUNDS. (Reg. G-6.) 

Whenever payment in excess of the amount (hie is made, the 
amount overpaid will be refunded. Applications for 

scess paymen s. ^j^^ refund of moncvs in excess of the amount due 
must be accompanied by a copy of the grazin^j permit issued, show- 
ing the amount received and the number of stock and grazing period 
covered by the permit. 

All clamis for refunds will be considered m accordance with Regula- 
tion G-6. 

Applications for the refund of money paid on account of a grazing 

permit must be accompanied by a statement giving 

fv^d'.^'"^^ ^°' '■^" the reasons for not using tlie ' permit. This may 

be either the written statement of the permittee or 

a report by a Forest officer who has looked up the case. 

Refunds will be made to a person wdio a])plies for a permit and does 
not use it only when the nonuse is caused by some circumstance over 
which he has no control. Unusual climatic conditions, floods, high 
water in streams, heavy snow, etc., or infectious disease causing 
quarantine by Federal or State authority, loss of stock caused by 
poison, disease, railroad wrecks, or in some unusual manner are all 
good reasons for refund. In all cases of unusual loss where it is 
either impracticable or impossible for the applicant to secure other 
stock, a refund may be made, but if the stoclv can be replaced this 
should be recpiired, as in the case where a portion of the stock has been 
sold and removed from the range. 

An ecpiitable portion of the grazing fees may be refunded when a 
permittee is prevented from enjoying the full use of his range by 
reason of trespassing stock entering upon it or on account of an error 
by a Forest officer. 

Refunds will be made on account of stock having been sold only 

wdien the preference in renew^al of the permit is waived 

by the original o\\Tier to the Government and the 

purchaser is allowed a permit. In such a case the fees on the 

number of stock repermitted may be refunded to the original permittee 

on his request. 

The amount which will be refunded will not exceed the amount of 
the fees due on the permit issued to the purchaser. The difference, 
if any, between the amount paid on the original permit and the 
amount due on the new permit will not be refunded. A permittee who 
sells his stock under conditions which justify a full renewal of the 
permit to the purchaser, and signs a waiver to its renewal to himself 
(Form 763), is entitled to a refund of the full amount paid. If the 
conditions justify a renewal for only 80 per cent of the number of 
stock covered by the original permit, then 80 per cent of the original 
payment will be refunded. 

31 



32 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

Persons who make application to graze stock which they do not 

own but mtend to purchase will not be entitled to a 

chas"stock*° ^^' refund because they fail to secure the stock. They 

may, however, reserve the right to place stock upon 

the range at any time during the period allowed by the permit. 

In many cases applications are submitted for the privilege of 
grazing stock which the applicant expects to buy later 
chased^ *° ^* ^^^" ^'^ ^lie seasou, and the Supervisor approves the appli- 
cation and issues the permit. Later developments lead 
the applicant to believe that more money can be made by some other 
action and he requests a refund of the fees paid. Such refunds should 
not be approved. By the issuance of a permit the Forest Service has 
done its part in reserving sufficient range for the number of stock 
covered. In such cases the range is at the disposition of the permittee 
during the period covered by the permit and he has the right to place 
the stock upon it at any time during the season. His failure to avail 
himself of tlie privilege does not constitute grounds for a refund. 

Speculation in the use of the Forests can only be prevented by a 
strict enforcement of this rule. 

^Mien payment of a grazing fee is required, the Forest officer will 
Procedure pay- fumisli the applicant with a letter of transmittal 
ments and refunds. (Form 861-G) , wliich must accompaiiy the remittance 
to the United States Depository. A duplicate will be be sent to the 
District Forester by the Supervisor and a triplicate 
^**^' filed in the Supervisor's office. (See instructions un- 

der ''Payments and permits," p. 30.) 

Upon receipt by the Supervisor of an application for a refund and 
statement of the reasons therefor, he will forward it 
* "^ ^" to the District Forester with a recommendation for its 

approval or rejection. Requests for refunds which are sent in error 
to the District office will be referred to the Supervisor concerned for 
report and recommendation. The District Forester will decide 
whether or not the refund will be made. If the request for a refund 
is approved, the Supervisor will be so informed and a Form A voucher, 
prepared for the signature of the person to whom the refund is to be 
made, will accompany the letter. The amount of the refund and the 
date of the voucher will be noted upon the duplicate letter of 
transmittal (Form 861-G). 

When the voucher is returned signed it will be compared with the 
duplicate letter of transmittal, on which will be entered ''Checked," 
with the date. The voucher will then be approved by the Chief of 
Grazing and sent to Accounts for payment. 

If the request is disapproved, the Supervisor wiU be informed ac- 
cordingly. 



QUALIFICATION OF APPLICANTS. (Reg. G~7.) 

The use of the National Forests for grazing purposes is in the dis- 
cretion of the Secretary of Agriculture. There is no 
not^fefaSfferabie!^^^ I'^^w whicli gives an individual or corporation the right 
■ to graze stock upon National Forest lands, and the 
grazing use of such lands may be allowed by the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture only as a personal and nontransferable privilege. This privilege 
is a temporary one, allowable under the law only when it does not 
interfere with the purposes for which the National Forests are created. 
It is nontransferable because it is based upon the possession of cer- 
tain qualifications peculiar to the jiermittee. 

By long use of the public lands of the United States for grazing pur- 
poses, stock owners have been suffered to graze their 
or occupancy, g^^^j^ upon sucli lands under certain conditions of 
occupancy, residence, and ownership of improved land or water rights. 
This use, continued throughout a long period of 3'ears, has in the 
absence of Congressional legislation been commonl}'' accepted in 
many communities, even receiving the recognition of certain of the 
courts. It is, however, allowed only by passive consent of the United 
States. By force of the Presidential proclamation creating a National 
Forest, such passive consent ceases and is superseded by definite 
regulations by the Secretary of Agriculture prescribed under the 
authority of Congress. Grazing stock upon the Forests, except in 
accordance with these regulations, is trespass against the United 
States. 

No one can acquire a right to the use of National Forest range, but 
he may acquire a preference in the allotment of grazing 

^^^^^ ^' privileges. This preference does not entitle him to 

continued use of a certain part of a Forest, but only to a preference over 
other applicants less entitled to consideration, in the use of the ranges 
open to the class of stock which he wishes to graze. These preferences 
or their very nature possess relative degrees of superiority and conse- 
quently have a number of gradations. 

Certain grazers may be given preferences in ranges secured by prior 

Value of rivue e ^^® ^^^^ occupaucy. Supplemented in many cases by 

pr ege. j^g^^^y investments in improved property and water 

rights. These preferences have a distinct value, and the failure to 

recognize them would mean a financial loss by reducing the number of 

stock which may be grazed and by the depreciation in the value of 

lands and improvements. Two conditions only would justify such 

action — when necessary to stop damage to the Forest, and when 

necessary to promote the settlement and cultivation of farming lands 

tributary to the Forest through a wider distribution of the grazing 

privilege. It is incumbent on the Service to allot limited privileges 

to actual settlers in order to accomplish this latter purpose, but a 

promiscuous division of grazing privileges among a number of owners 

86104°— 11 3 33 



34 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL- — GRAZING. 

who are neither new settlers nor dependent upon the range is unwar- 
ranted. The poHcy of recognizing new settlers upon lands in or 
adjoining Forests who require limited grazing privileges to make their 
home successful will tend to equalize the number of stock allowed 
under each permit for an increase in the number allowed new owners 
to bring them up to a profitable basis, and must be accompanied by a 
reduction in the number allowed larger owners. New class B appli- 
cants should be granted permits only when the Forest is not fully 
stocked, and no reductions in the permits of other users will be neces- 
sary to accommodate them. 

Preference may be secured in the following ways : 

(a) By prior use and occupancy of lands included within a National 
Forest. 

(b) By local residence, ownership of improved ranch property, and 
How preferences dependence upon the range for a livelihood. (See 

are gained. instructions undcF "Permits to new owners," p. 45.) 

(c) By the renewal of a permit formerly held by a copartnership or 
corporation to each individual member for a number of stock equal to 
his share in the original permit. (See instructions under ''Renewal of 
permits," p. 47) 

(d) By the purchase of a permittee's stock or ranches, or both, under 
circumstances justifying a renewal. (See instructions under "Re- 
newal of permits," p. 47.) 

(e) By inheritance of a permittee's stock or ranches, or both, under 
circumstances justifying a renewal of the permit. (See instructions 
under "Preferences," p. 37.) 

The regular use of a range during its open season for several suc- 
cessive years, before creation of a Forest, and under 
grazing permit thereafter, is what is meant by "prior 
use" or "regular occupancy." So far as is consistent with other 
conditions, preference will be given to those who have continuously 
used the range for the longest period. 



PREFERENCES. (Reg. G~8.) 

Applicants for grazing permits will bo given preference in the 
following order: 

Small near-hy owners. — A class A owner is one who does not own 
more than the protective limit number of stock 
established for the Forest, who owns and resides 
upon an improved ranch within or adjacent to the Poorest, and who 
is de]iendent npon the use of the National Forest range in connection 
with his ranch property. Until the protective limit is defined it is 
within the discretion of the Supervisor to determine whether an 
applicant is a large or small owner. A firm or corporation can not 
be considered as a class A applicant but may be allowed exemp- 
tion from reduction below the protective limit. 

All other regular occupants of the range. — Class B includes owners of 
improved ranch property and stock in excess of the 
])rotective limit, an(l owners of stock either above or 
below the protective limit who do not own improved ranch pro])erty. 
Copartnerships, companies, and corporations may be class B owners. 
All permittees in this class must secure their permits on the basis of 
prior use and occupancy or the purchase of the stock and ranches 
of persons holding permits. 

There may be several grades of class B applicants. One who owns 
a large amount of improved ranch property, or one who resides in the 
vicinity of the Forest, or who has used the range during a long period 
of years, or who feeds his stock during the winter, may be given 
preference over one who does not own improved ranch property 
adjacent to the Forest, or who resides at a distance from the Forest, 
or who has only used the range a few ^'^ears, or who winters his stock 
on the range. Class B permittees are subject to sliding-scale reduc- 
tions, although usually such reductions are not applied to permits 
for less than the protective limit. 

Owners of transient stock. — Class C embraces all grazing applicants 
not falling within classes A and B. A speculator who 
buys stock and places it upon the range at intervals, 
or the nomadic stockman with no fixed range who trails his stock to 
widely separated ranges would be class C owners. Class C applicants 
will be entirely excluded from the Forest before any reduction is 
made upon class B applicants. 

An applicant's status is determined by the total number of all 
classes of stock owned by him. Pie can not be a 
hyfomin^T"'^'^"^ class A Cattle owner and a class B sheep owner. ^ If 
he owns either class of stock in excess of the protective 
limit for that class he is a class B owner, or if he owns a per cent of the 
cattle protective limit and also a per cent of the sheep protective 
limit, which combined exceed 100 per cent, he is m class B. For 

35 



36 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL- — GEAZING. 

example, the protective limit being 100 head for cattle and 1,200 
head for sheep, if he owned 50 head of cattle and 500 head of sheep 
(92 per cent) he would be in class A, but if he owned 75 head of cattle 
and 750 head of sheep (137 per cent) he would be in class B. An 
applicant owning sheep and cattle may, however, be in both class B 
and class C. 

By ranch pro]:)erty in the grazing regulations and instructions is 
meant lands producing cultivated crops which are 
pr°perty.'''^°^^^"^^ uscd for feeding Uve stock. In locahties where the 
production of feed is not a recjuisite to the stock 
business, the ownersliip of spring and fall range or lambing grounds 
by a bona fide local resident dependent upon the use of the range, 
should be given nearly the same if not equal weight with the owner- 
ship of cultivated lands. The same is true of the ownership of water 
rights which control adjoining National Forest range. In renewals 
to purchasers of permitted stock the ownership of spring and fall 
range or water rights closely related to the use of National Forest 
range may be given equal weight with improved ranch property. 
Property of this sort must be commensurate with the number of 
stock and actually dependent for its value upon National Forest 
range. To illustrate, a sprmg and fall range and lambing ground 
suflicient for 1,000 head of sheep might justify the approval of an 
application for a permit to graze 1,000 or less sheep upon a National 
Forest durmg the summer season, but not of an application to graze 
2,000 head of sheep durmg the summer season or to lamb and graze 
1,000 head of sheep during the spring and fall seasons. 

A person will be considered dependent upon the use of the National 

Forest range when the Forest lands adjacent to his 

rangr'^^^'^^^ "^""^ ^^^'^^ contaiu the only available stock range, and the 

grazing of a limited number of stock is essential to his 

success in the development of his land. 

Residence is simply an index in determining the degree of 
dependence. A person residing at a distance from a National Forest 
must have other ranges open to him and can not be considered so 
dependent upon Forest range as one residing near by. 

Cooperative associations are formed to facilitate the handling of 
Cooperative asso- stock and reducc the cost, each member retaining his 
ciations. individual grazing preference and running his stock 

under his own name and brand. 

Such a cooperative association may make one application for the 
entire number of stock owned by its members, if the application is 
signed by each one and is accompanied by a statement showing the 
number and brands of the stock owned by each. The approval of 
the application will be based upon the qualifications of the mdividual 
members. When the association disbands each member may renew 
his ])erniit upon the basis of the number of stock wliich he grazed 
prior to the organization of the association with a proportionate 
share of any subsequent increases or decreases in the association 
permit. 

If the association uses a common brand so that individual ownership 
can not be determined, or if its profits are distributed on a pro rata 
basis, it will be allowed the same privileges as a corporation, and 
entitled to recognition only when the members waive their indi- 
vidual preferences to the Government. 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING. 37 

A firm, copartnership, or corporation must be in either class B or 
i7f,™c .^^o,+^». class C, for it can not be in class A. It can estabhsh 

Firms, copartner- .' „ . -,_, , 

ships, and corpora- a grazing preterence in two ways. ±>y use and occii- 
**°°^" pancy of the lands included within the Forest prior to 

its creation, and by the purchase of the stock or ranches or both of a 
permittee under conditions justifying a renewal of the permit. 

A corporation can not be given the same consideration as an indi- 
vidual owner. Between two corporations — one composed of local 
residents and the other of nonresidents — preference will be given the 
local corporation. In no case vnW the individuality of the members 
of a corporation be considered in competition \\*ith independent 
individual owners. 

If the vState laws give a married woman the right of independent 
. ownership of real estate and live stock and she 

possesses the other qualifications which entitle her to 
a grazing permit, her application may be approved regardless of the 
grazing privileges held by her husband. If, however, the laws of the 
State provide that all property be held in common, the woman would 
be considered as owning the number of stock for which her husband 
holds permit. 

Where the wife applies to graze stock she has purchased, again the 
State law on ownership would govern. If independent ownership is 
allowed and the purchase of the stock and ranches is strictly the 
"wife's transaction, a renewal of the permit may be allowed even 
though the combined holdings of the husband and wife exceed the 
maximum Ihnit. If the State laws require all property to be owaied 
in common, then a permit can not be renewed on the purchased stock 
which would make the combined holdings of husband and wife exceed 
the maximum limit. 

An unmarried woman of legal age is entitled to full consideration 
„ . ^ as a new applicant if she desires to take out a grazing 

Unmarried women. . . ^ ^ &• o 

permit. 
Minors who were not occupants of the range at the tune of the 

creation of the Forest will not be granted permits 

except when they are at the head of a family depend- 
ent upon them for su])port. Minors under the control of parents or 
guardians may be granted permits if such action will not necessitate 
reduction in existing permits or the denial of applications of other 
class A owners. 

Pending the division of an estate, a full renewal of the permit held 

by the deceased should be allowed in the name of the 

Renewal to estates. ^. . ■, .^ i, • j_ i ^ • • j_ ^^ tt 

estate and the duly appointed administrator. Upon 
the issue of a court decree dividing the estate the privileges allowed 
the estate will be granted the beneficiaries under the rule governing 
the renewal of permits on account of purchase, except that the permit 
for that portion of the stock allotted by the court decree to the \\ddow 
or minor heirs will not be subject to the reduction made in the 
renewal of permits to purchasers. 

As a general rule an heir or devisee should be considered as in the 
same class with one who has purchased stock grazed under permit. 
AppUcations of heirs will be adjudged on the basis of the class (A, B, 
or G) qualifications of the applicants. 



38 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL f4RAZING. 

Resident owners of stock which belong in the State or Territory in 
._, , which a National Forest is located will be civen the 

Nonresidents. « i, p,i •(•i-- 

preierence, but owners or stock coming rrom adjoin- 
ing States will also be considered wdien the Forest is the natural range 
of the stock, and the nonresident owners are dependent upon it. 
Caution slioidd be exercised in admitting transient stock to ranges 
. ^ which aie not fully occupied by the stock of regular 

Transient owners. ■ • , • , ' '' , y ■ 

users. A permit may be granted an owner who is 
a transient resident in the locality with, the understanding that it 
gives no permanent grazing preference. 

A person leasing stock or running it on shares or herding it for the 
permittee is regarded as an emj^loyee only and he can 
^^Lessees and herd- j^q^ \^q allowcd any preference in the use of the i-ange 
by virtue of the fact that he has run the stock under 
lease or on shares or has handled it for the owner. The status of the 
ownier determines all preferences allow^ed in the issuance of grazing 
permits. 

Grazing preferences can only be retained by a continual use of a 

range. Applicants who apply to graze a reduced 

Retention of pref- n^imbcr of stock caii not cxpcct range to be reserved 

for them for a higher number later on. In the case 

of a voluntary reduction other applications may be approved for the 

number by which the first permit was reduced. The preference thus 

gained will not be surrendered because the first permittee applies a 

year or two later to graze the original number of stock. 

Applications from persons with established preferences will not be 
disapproved for nonuse of the range during one year 
range. ^^ ^ statement giving satisfactory reasons is filed with 
the Supervisor before the opening of the grazing period, so that the 
Supervisor may make temporary disposition of the vacant range. 
Permits allowing the temporary use of such a range should stipulate 
that a renewal of the permit may not be allowed during the following 
year. 

Nonuse of a range by a new applicant will cause hhn to forfeit all 
preference which has been allowed him. 

Permittees em]:)loyed by the State or Goverimient, wishing to dis- 
continue the use of the range without losing their 
^^^o*%es' ^^'^^^^^ preferences, may do so by filing a statement of their 
empoyees. employment and probable duration, the disposition 

made of their stock, and authorizing the Supervisor to dispose of 
their range privileges. Upon the expiration of their term of service 
their preference in the allotment of permits may be restored to them 
subject to any reductions or restrictions effective at the date of their 
reapplication. 

Except in the case of Federal or State employees, nonuse of the 
range for more than one year will cause the permittee to lose all 
preference on account of prior use of the range. 

Wliere the renewal of a permit is allowed a purchaser of stock, a 

w^ritten waiver (Form 763) of all claims by the original 

Waiver of prefer- permittee to a renewal of the permit for the stock 

sold should be filed with the Supervisor. This leaves 

the Supervisor free to renew the permit to the purchaser, if such action 

is justified, but no action should be taken by the Supervisor which in 

any way obligates the Forest Service to allow a renewal of the permit. 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING. 39 

A person who has signed a waiver of grazing privileges can acquire 
them again only as a new applicant. 

If a mortgage on stock is foreclosed, the permittee does not lose 
his preference in a permit for the following season 
mliVl'^l^^^^^ °^ ^^^^^ unless he has returned his permit to the Super- 
visor and consented to the issuance of a permit to the 
mortgagor as a purchaser for the remainder of the grazing period, he 
may replace the stock. The person foreclosing the mortgage may be 
allowed, with the consent of the permittee, to continue grazing the 
stock during the remainder of the current grazing period under the 
same conditions as a pui'chaser, but secures no privileges of renewal 
unless the owner of the stock signs a waiver of his renewal preferences. 

The foreclosure of a mortgage covering both stock and ranch will 
not cause a permittee to lose the preference allowed him in use of the 
range if he replaces the stock and secures another ranch equally 
dependent upon the range. 

The fact that a person has been indicted for the violation of a State 
^ ^. , , or Federal law does not iustify the disapproval of his 

Indictment. • t .• i i • i i -ji > 

grazmg application unless he is charged with trespass 
upon a National Forest. The Forest Service will not anticipate the 
decision of the court. 

An applicant who does not owai the stock for which permit is 
desired and whose prior use of the range entitles him 

Nonownershlp. . • i j • ^ • ■ , i • 

to consideration, may secure a grazing permit on his 
certification that the stock will be purchased. 

A grazing preference can be transferred from one Forest to another 

only wdien the first Forest is overstocked and the 
Fwest.^^^"^ *° ^""^'^^^ ^^^*^^^^ Forest is understocked and the transfer will 

be generally beneficial. In this event a transfer may 
be allowed if both Supervisors approve. 



NOTIFICATION OF APPLICANTS. (Reg. G-9.) 

All persons who held permits during the previous year will be 
notified by postal card (Form 153) of the date upon which applica- 
tions for grazing permits must be filed with the Supervisor. 

Applications must be received, range allotments made, and per- 
mits issued before the beginning of the grazing season. This necessi- 
tates fixing a date sufficiently far in advance to enable the Supervisor 
to complete the work of issuing the permits. The date having been 
widely published, it will be assumed that the applications on file that 
day represent all the users of the Forest range entitled to considera- 
tion, and the Supervisor may proceed to allot the grazing privileges. 
The applications havmg been acted upon and the 
tiwfs*'°'^ "'^ ^^^"'^^" notices of approval forwarded, no changes will be 
made to accommodate persons who failed to file their 
applications in time, unless their failure was caused by circumstances 
which, in the Supervisor's opinion, warrant a readjustment of range 
allotments. Neghgence or failure to exercise ordinary diligence will 
not be considered a satisfactory reason for the acceptance of an 
application after the date set. 

In case the total number of any kind of stock applied for before 
the date which has been set does not equal the number authorized 
to graze on the Forest, applications may be approved at any time 
until this figure has been reached. 

Supervisors should acknowledge the receipt of applications by 
postal card. (Form 303.) 

Supervisors must not notify applicants of the approval of their 
applications before the date set for their consideration. 

40 



APPLICATION FOR PERMITS. (Reg. G-10.) 

When a single range used by an applicant is located in two adjoin- 
ing Forests, either Supervisor, with the consent of 
ests*°^^ ^^ *^° ^°^' ^^^® other , may issue the permit with the understanding 
that stock is to be grazed upon both forests. Two 
copies will be sent to the other Supervisor. 

Persons who desire to graze the same class of stock upon the range 
A »„„+i^ o f^r. during more than one established period may submit 

Applications for '^ i- .• r -i j.- v £ a 1 1 

more than one ouc application lor the entire number or stock, show- 
P®"°*^' ing the number which will be grazed during each 

period. 

New applicants are classified upon the total number of stock 
owned by them, while permittees seeldng a renewal 
ershfp.^™^"* °^ °^'^' '^i"6 judged by tlie number of stock for which they 
held permit during the preceding 3^ear. New appli- 
cants, therefore, should state the total number of stock owned. Old 
permittees need state only the number of stock for wliich application 
for permit is made. 

Wlien applications for permits are made to graze stock wliich it is 
intended to purchase, a statement to that effect will be made on the 
application blank. 

When necessary an applicant may be required to furnish a certified 
statement sliowing the name, residence, and interest of any other 
person in the stock covered by his application. The District 
Forester may require firms or corporations to furnish a certified 
statement of the name and residence of all members or stockliolders. 

Grazing permits will not be issued to new firms or corporations 
when the members or stockholders of such firms or 
corpo'rations!''^^ °^ Corporations hold permits to graze numbers of stock 
which combined exceed the maximum limit estab- 
lished for the Forest. The consolidation of permits will not be allowed 
when the combined number of stock is more than the maximum limit. 

If the Supervisor has reason to believe that a new applicant, or 
one seeldng the renewal of a permit on account of purchase, already 
holds an interest in a company grazing stock under permit he may 
require this information, or may require it if there is a question of 
preference between two companies or corporations. 

In case the applications have not reached the total number of stock 
authorized to graze upon the Forest, supplemental 

Amendments. i-i- i i --lii i ±. i 

applications may be approved with the understand- 
ing that no permanent range equities accrue for the increase. Tliis 
understanding should be made a matter of positive record so that it 
will not be overlooked in subsequent allotments. 

When authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture, applications 

may be approved for permits during a term of not 

tempermits^^ ^°' morc than five years. The permits will be issued 

and the grazing fees paid annually on the number of 

stock for which the application is approved. 

Applications for term permits will be cancelled for failure to pay 
the grazing fees for any one year, or for failure to use the range for 
more than one year unless unusual circumstances exist. 

41 



PROTECTIVE AND MAXIMUM LIMITS. (Reg. G-11.) 

Protective limits are established to protect permittees from 
Protective limits, reductions ill the number of stock which they are 
allowed to graze under permit, to a point where it is 
inadequate to maintain a home, or is too small to be handled at a 
profit. The average number of stock which a settler must graze in 
order to utilize the products of his farm or derive a reasonable profit 
^\^ll be determined upon each Forest and will serve as the basis for 
the protective limit. In arriving at this average number the depend- 
ence of settlers upon National Forest ranges will be considered. Where 
stock growing is the only pursuit in a region, the number of stock 
guaranteed a settler must be sufficient to support his family. In an 
agricultural region where the product of the farms is fed to stock, 
the number should be sufficient to consume the forage produced by 
the average farm. 

Protective limits have been established for various Forests running 
from 25 to 300 head for cattle and horses, and from 500 to 2,000 
head for sheep and goats. The limit on sheep is proportionately 
higher than on cattle because as a general rule the cost of handling 
is increased by requiring a man to run less than one band. With 
cattle or horses, which can be turned loose upon the range, a pro- 
portionately smaller number of animals can be run with profit. 
Under ordinary conditions the average number of stock per permit 
may be the basis for the protective limit of the Forest. 

When in the judgment of the District Forester it becomes neces- 
sary for the protection of class A owners, he will establish a Forest 
protective limit for each kind of stock, and renewals of all permits 
within such limit wall be made without reduction. A holder of a 
permit for one class of stock may secure a permit for another class, 
providing the number holds the same ratio to the protective limits. 
For example: A holder of a cattle permit for 50 head on a Forest 
where the ])rotective limit is 100 head may also be allowed a permit 
to graze 600 sheep if the protective limit on sheep is 1,200 head. 

When necessary to prevent monopoly in the use of the range 

through the purchase of permitted stock and ranches, 

Maximum limits. the District Forester will establish a maximum limit 

in the number of stock allowed any one applicant. 

No permittee will be allowed to increase the number of stock above 

this limit. When necessary, reductions in permits for more than the 

maximum limit wall be made in accordance with the sliding scale. 

Maximum limits may be absolute or preventive. An absolute 
limit is the largest number of stock for wdiich a permit will be issued, 
regardless of existing priorities. Where an absolute limit is estab- 
lished all permits in excess W'ill be reduced to that limit immediately. 
Only in extreme cases wdiere the use of a Forest range is intensive, 
and a large number of deserving applicants must be taken care of, 
will an absolute limit be established. 

Preventive maximum limits are designed to bring about a better 
distribution of grazing privileges. Renewals of old permits in excess 

42 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 43 

of the maximiini limit may be allowed, but the purchase of stock and 
ranches will not entitle the purchaser to a renewal of permit in 
excess of it. Exception to this rule may be made by the District 
Forester when an established outfit holding permit in excess of the 
maximum limit is sold to a single purchaser. 

Ordinarily the maximum limit will be from four to eight times the 
protective limit. Upon a Forest where the average number per 
permit is high the maximum limit should be correspondingly high. 
A safe rule is to set a limit which is not less than double the protective 
limit and not more than the highest permit. 

The maximum limit does not apply to permits issued on account 
of private lands or to permits issued under a cooperative agreement. 

Persons owning a less number of stock than the protective limit 

will be allowed to increase their number gradually 

A^^*^^^^^^ ^""^ "■ but mav be restricted in the number added each 

auctions. •^, i i a • it 

year. Old class A users may increase at once to the 
number allowed new applicants. Increases above the protective limit 
will be allowed only to purchasers of stock and ranches of permit 
holders, and any such increase will not exceed the maximum limit. 

Increases may be allowed in the renewal of permits which are 
below the protective limit, but on fully stocked Forests the total 
increase allowed combined with the total number allotted new 
settlers must not be more than 3 per cent of the allotment except 
when a surplus in excess of this percentage is created by the reduction 
on permits renewed to purchasers. The Suj^ervisor will determine 
the division of the allotment which will be made between new settlers 
and persons whose permits are below the protective limit. 

Whenever it is found necessary to reduce the number of stock 

allowed in any Forest, class C stock will be excluded before the other 

Reductions classcs are reduced. The reduction on a sliding- 

scale basis will then be made on the class B owners, 

and class A owners will be exempt from reduction. 

Where the reductions are necessary, each National Forest will be 
considered as a unit. Under unusual conditions, however, reduc- 
tions may be made in one grazing district or range division. Reduc- 
tions will be based upon the number of stock grazed under permit 
the previous year, 
c,,,^, , The following is an example of the ordinarv form 

Sliaing scale. p i • i • i " 

or sliding scale: 

The protective limit having been fixed at 1,200 head of yheej), all permits for not 
more than that number may be renewed without reduction. 

All permits for less than 1,200 sheep may be increased 20 per cent, provided none 
goes above 1,200 head. 

All permits for from 1,200 to 2,400 sheep will be reduced 10 per cent, provided none 
goes below 1,200 head. 

All permits from 2,400 to 4,800 sheep will be reduced 15 per cent, provided none 
goes below the highest number allowed in the next lower grade, or 2,1 GO. 

All permits for more than 4,800 will be reduced 20 per cent, provided none goes 
below the highest number allowed in the next lower grade, or 4,080 head. 

Another form of sliding scale reduction which may be adopted is 
as follows: 

All permits may be renewed without reduction on the first 1,200 head of sheep. 
An increase of 20 per cent may be allowed on all permits for less than 1,200 head. 
All permits will be reduced 20 per cent on the number in exces,s of 1,200 and up 
to 2,400 head. 



44 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING. 

All permits will be reduced 25 per cent on the number in excess of 2,400 and up to 
4,800 head. 

All permits will be reduced 30 per cent on the number in excess of 4,800 head. 

The percentage reduction may be changed under either plan to fit the local condi- 
tions. 

When a sliding scale reduction figure lias been worked out it may 
be applied in the following manner, varying the percentages to suit 
the situation. All applicants who do not own improved ranch 
property or who are nonresident ranch owners and winter their stock 
upon the open range will be reduced the full percentage of their class. 
Resident ranch owners who winter their stock upon the adjoining 
open range, regular users who purchase winter feed for their stock from 
resident ranch owners, and nonresident ranch owners whose stock is 
wintered upon the products of their lands will be reduced 75 per cent 
of the reduction figure. Owners residing upon their improved 
ranches and wintering their stock upon the products of their lands 
will be reduced 50 per cent of the reduction figure. 

Term applications for less than the protective limit may be amended 

Increase in term to allow the Same auiiual iiicrcase that is allowed 

permits. annual applicants until the protective limit is reached. 

All applications for grazing during a term of years, which are 
Reductions in term approved for more than the protective limit, will be 
P®'°"*^- granted subject to an annual reduction not exceeding 

5 per cent to provide for the issuance of permits to new settlers 
within, or in the immediate vicinity of, the National Forest, and sub- 
ject to any additional reduction which may be necessary to stop dam- 
age to the Forest. 

While the percentage of reduction to provide for new settlers will 
not exceed 5 per cent, the reduction to stop damage to the Forest ma}^ 
be as large as necessary to secure the result. As term permits are not 
authorized until the number of stock grazed has been reduced to the 
normal capacity of the Forest, it is not probable that severe reduc- 
tions will be required. 

At the expiration of the term permit the 5 per cent clause to pro- 
vide for new owners ceases to be binding on the Service, and the appli- 
cation is subject to any percentage of reduction before it is renewed 
that is efTective on the Forest at the time. 



PERMITS TO NEW OWNERS. (Reg. G-12.) 

Applications from new settlers or beginners on Forests which are 
Filed six montiis fuHv occiipied will not be considered unless filed 
in advance. with the vSupervisor at least six months before the 

beginning of the yearlong grazing season. 

A reduction will be necessary to provide for them; therefore it is 
essential that other users of the Forest be notified of it as soon as 
possible in order that they can adjust their business to meet it without 
loss. 

When the range is fully occupied, the total number of stock allowed 
Limited to 3 per beginners in any one year must not exceed 3 per cent 
"=^'^*- of the total allowance for the Forest. 

The applications of beginners will not be approved in any case 
where this would necessitate a reduction of more than 20 per cent in 
the renewal of any permit issued for the previous year. 

The applications of beginners who are in class B may be approved 
„^ , for the number of stock allowed other beginners when 

Class B beginners. . , • -, i ^ i • j- • ^ 

there is surplus range, and the issuance oi a permit 
will not entail a reduction upon occupants of the range or debar class 
A applicants. 

Upon Forests which are not fully stocked or when there is surplus 
Number aUowed range, applications of beginners may be allowed for the 
beginners. f^^\\ protective limit; when there is not, permits to 

beginners will be restricted to one-half the protective limit. 

When the average permit number is less than the protective 

Average permit l^i^it, the applications of beginners should be ap- 

beiow protective uroved for not more than one-fourth the protective 

^°"** limit, and only when the stock will be fed during 

the winter from the products of the permittee's cultivated land. 

The only justification for permits of this sort is when settlers abso- 
lutely require grazing privileges in order to market the products of 
their ranches by feeding them to stock during the winter months. 

No applications from beginners will be approved when the average 
permit number is more than 20 per cent below the protective limit. 

45 



RENEWAL OF PERMITS. (Reg. G 13.) 

A permittee with an established preference may change his resi- 
change of resi- dence to a point more remote from the Forest without 
d«^<=«- disqiiahfying for a renewal of permit, provided he 

retains his other interests. 

A permittee having a range preference based on ranch property 
located in or adiacent to the National Forest mav 

Sale of ranch. ,. » i "" i , -ii j. i.- T 

dispose oi such ranch propert}^ without entirely 
disqualifying himself for a renewal, but unless he secures similarly 
located ranch property his classification is changed, and the renewal 
of the permit should be on the basis of the changed classification. 

A renewal of permit may be allowed for a class of stock different 
from that previously grazed. It may require relinquishment of one 
range and acceptance of another on some other part of the Forest. 
The ratio of exchange will depend on the demand and the capacity 
of the ranges in question. A permittee grazing cattle upon a heavil}^ 
stocked range in strong demand may be allowed to 
stocif''^^ '° ^^^^^ °^ graze sheep on the same range on a ratio of 4 to 1 . 
if they are to be grazed on a heavily stocked sheep 
range, the ratio should be 4 to 1, If on sheep range, but not heavily 
stocked, the ratio should be not more than 5 to 1. If on sheep range 
where there is surplus range available, the ratio may be as high as 6 
to 1. 

A permittee having an established preference may enter into a 
partnership agreement with another person not a 
mfnY*'^^"'*'^ ^^^^^' permittee, and secure a renewal of his permit in the 
name of the partnership, the proportionate interest 
transferred being subject to the rules governing the renewal of per- 
mits to purchasers. 

A copartnership has a different legal status from that of an in- 
artnershi s corporatcd Company, and in the renewal of permits 
and° ^ incorporated to purchasers it is nccessaiy to differentiate between 
companies. them. An individual perniittee who enters into a 

copartnership agreement transfers only a part of his interests, con- 
sisting of his stock or ranches, or both, to the other members of the 
copartnership and retains an individual interest in all or a part of 
the stock and ranches. Any subsequent transfer of his remaining 
interests affects tJie status of the copartnership as a permittee and 
generally is readily determinable. An individual permittee who 
transfers to an incorporated company makes a complete transfer, 
retaining no interest m tlie stock or ranches, but receiving instead 
an interest in the corporation through the medium of certain shares 
or certificates which are readily transferrable, but which do not affect 
the status of the corporation as a permittee by their transfer. In 
renewal of permit to a copartnership only the proportionate interest 
transferred will be reduced in accordance with the rules governing 
the renewal of permits to purchasers, but in renewal of permit to a 
corporation the reduction will apply to the full number of stock 

46 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 47 

transferred, even though the original permittee acquires and retains 
an interest in the corporation equivalent to his original interest in the 
stock grazed under his individual permit. 

In the renewal of a permit held by a partnership to the individual 
r j.^. members, the same reductions will be made on the 

Division of outfits. , , i i c , i i j i 

total number oi stock grazed the previous year as 
would have been made on the original permit, each renewed permit 
bearing its pro rata share of such reduction. The stockholders of a 
corporation which has dissolved may be allowed a renewal of permit 
under the rules governing renewal of permits to purchasers. 

No division will be allowed when the number covered by the original 
permit is less than the protective limit. In case the number exceeds 
the protective limit, a division may ])e allowed, provided that not 
more than one new owner secures a permit for less than the protec- 
tive limit number of stock. 

Partnership ordinarily means joint ownership of the stock and 

Dissolution of ranches, and the renewal to each member depends 

partnersiiip. upoii the division of each that is made. Signed 

agreements showing this division may l)e required b}^ tlie Supervisor. 

A renewal on the division of stock and ranches may give a member 
preference in the range for a certain number of stock, but it does not 
define his status or whether he is in class A, B, or C. 

In order to prevent speculation, when a Forest is fully stocked, 

Renewals to pur- renewal of permit will not be allowed a purchaser of 

<=''^^®"- permitted stock if the original permittee has used 

the range less than three years. This rule will also apply when the 

permittee who proposes to sell is a member of a partnership. 

If a permittee is bought out by several purchasers, division of the 
privileges among them will not be allowed when the number of stock 
is less than the protective limit. In case the number exceeds the pro- 
tective limit, division may be made if not more than one new owner 
is allowed a renewal of permit for less than the protective limit. 

All permits issued to purchasers of permitted stock are subject to 
any reductions that would have been made in the original permit. 

When stock is sold after tlie a]:)plication for a grazing j^ermit has 
been approved and prior to the beginning of the grazing period, the 
application of the ])urchaser may be approved upon his merits, sub- 
ject to the reductions governing the issue of permits to the purchasers 
of stock. 

The mere purchase of stock will not entitle the purchaser to share 
Purchase of stock in the grazing privileges during the following year 
°^y- unless he is otherwise qualified. 

Wlien the purchaser already owns ranch property commensurate 
with and so located that it will be used in connection with the stock, 
a renewal of the permit may be allowed for not to exceed SO per cent 
of the original permit, \\lien the number purchased is less than 
the protective limit, no reduction will be made if the ]:)urchaser has 
the qualifications of a class A applicant. 

This reduction prevents speculation in National Forest range, and 
provides for new a]:)]:)licants. 

When both the stock and ranches are })urchased, a renewal may 
Purchase of stock be allowcd the purchaser with any reduction that 
and ranches. would liave been made in the original permit. 



48 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

If, after the transaction, the purchaser possesses all the qualifica- 
tions of the original permittee he should be allowed the same privi- 
leges if the number of stock does not exceed the maximum limit. 
If he does not, the privileo;e should be reduced accordingly. 

When a permittee in a fully stocked Forest sells the ranch property 

used in connection with his permit to a purchaser who 

Purchase of ranches jgsireg to sccure a permit for other stock and sells 

^' his stock elsewhere, the purchaser of the rancli will be 

given a preference over other new owners or beginners, provided that 
the original permittee relinquishes his claim to renewal. In other 
words, the only preference secured by the purchase of a ranch without 
the stock is to head the list of new beginners. 

The factors which govern this ruling are, first, the original appli- 
cant must sign a waiver (Form 763) of renewal privileges; second, 
the purchaser of the ranch property must possess all of the class A 
qualifications. (See instructions under "Preferences," p. 35.) 

Applications will be numbered when they are approved. Dis- 
approved applications mil not be numbered, but 
Procedure. ^^^^^ alphabetically under separate guide cards. 

Cattle and horse permits and sheep and goat permits will be num- 
bered separately. Mules, burros, and swine will be 
Numbering of ap- included witli the cattle and horse series. The cattle 
pica ions. ^^^ horse series will begin each season with No. 1 and 

the sheep and goats with an arbitrary number, as 301, or 501, which 
will be above the liighest number in the cattle and horse series. Wliere 
term permits are authorized, the cattle and horse term permits will be 
numbered consecutively, beginning with No. 1, and the annual 
permits numbered separately, beginning with a considerably higher 
number than any term permit. The sheep and goat series will be 
numbered similarly, the first number of the term permits being 301 
or 501, as the case may be, and of the annual permits being 601 or 
801, as the case may be. 

Amended applications received before the issue of the permit will be 
given the same number as the original. One received afterwards 
will be given the same number as the original with the addition of 
the letters a, h, etc. An amended permit will be recorded on the 
original card, but supplemental permit requires a new card. If a 
term permittee desires an increase, which can properly be granted, a 
new application should be made and the increase provided for by an 
annual permit. 

If, however, the term permittee desires to decrease the number of 
stock, a new term permit may be issued. 

The Supervisor will immediately notify the applicant of _ the 
approval of his apphcation by a letter of transmittal 
rovai^^^ °^ ^^' (Form 861-G) showing the number of stock for 
^'^°'*' which the application has been approved, the period 

and the fees to be paid. Any unusual conditions may be noted on the 
form. Whenever an amendment or a correction is made, or a supple- 
mental application is approved, the notice will be marked "Amended," 
"Corrected," or "Supplemental," etc. Aduplicate of each Form861-G 
issued will be sent to the District Forester at once and a triplicate 
filed m the Siipervisor's office. 

Form 861-(j for term permits will designate the year for which 
payment is to be made, thus: "Five-year period, first year." 



NATIONAL. FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 49 

As duplicate notices of approval are received in the District 
„. ^ . ^ ^ office they will be examined, and filed alphabeticallv" 

District office. i t-i . • i ^ "^ 

under Jb orest gUides. 
The District Forester will requii'e such check to be made of grazing 
receipts as is necessary for a proper audit. 

When a grazing application is disapproved, the Supervisor will 
notify the applicant by letter, giving the reasons for 
approvah °^ *^'^^^' ^^^^ actioii and will send a copy of the letter to the 
District Forester. The letter must furnish the appli- 
cant with adequate and conclusive reasons for the disapj^roval of his 
application, wdiile the carbon furnishes the District Forester with the 
same hiformation. It must assure both the applicant and the District 
Forester that the application has received proper consideration. 

Upon receipt of notice that the applicant does not intend to pay the 
fees or accept the permit, or if for any reason the per- 
iat?on^°*^ °' cancel- j^jjj^ jg j^q^, issucd afterwards, the Supervisor will close 
the case and mark the card ' ' Canceled ." The same ser- 
ial number will not be used in any other case. Where necessary, the 
applicant will be informed at once of the action taken and the reasons 
for it, and a copy of the letter will be forwarded to the District Forester. 
A record card for each approved annual application will be made 
Card record ^^^ Fomi 621 . Term permits will be recorded on Form 

256 and the card transferred to the current files at the 
end of the grazing year. Cards will be filed alphabetically. The 
date of the Fiscal Agent's receipt, the amount of fee paid, and the 
date the permit is issued will be entered upon the card. When a 
refund is made the date of the voucher and the amount refunded will 
be noted upon the card. The back of the card may be used for a 
record of special matters. 

When necessary, the Supervisor will notify all persons who have 

Delinquents ^^^\ ^Q.\d the fces that their payments are overdue. 

Thirty days after the beginning of the grazing period 

the Supervisor will take such action as is justified in the case of each 

delinquent. 

86104°— 11 4 



SETTLEMENT OF CONTROVERSIES. (Reg. G-14.) 

An appeal to the District Forester should be prepared in accordance 
with the instructions governing the preparation of appeals. (See 
' 'Appeals," p. 51 ). It should be filed in duplicate mth the Supervisor, 
who will at once transmit one copy to the other party, with notice 
that 10 days from its receipt are allowed for answer. The answer 
should be in duplicate and should contain the statement of material 
facts required by the procedure under "Appeals," pao;e 51. One copy 
will be transmitted to the original appellant, who will be allowed 10 
days to make his final reply. All statements of appellants will be in 
writing and verified by oath, and may be accompanied by affidavits 
of witnesses. The originals of these papers will then be forwarded 
to the District Forester, and no other evidence \vi\\ be taken unless 
called for by him. A copy of the Supervisor's decision in the case 
will, of course, accompany the appeal papers. Pending decision the 
party occupying the range will be allowed to continue its use, but 
must remove his stock within 10 days after receiving notice that the 
District Forester has decided against him, unless an appeal be taken 
to the Forester or the Secretary of Agriculture. In case of such an 
appeal the person in possession of the range will be allowed to 
continue its use until a final decision has been rendered. 

In case the appeal involves the use of a range where an advisory 
board has been recognized, copies of the appeal and answers may be 
referred to the advisory board with a request for a wiitten opinion. 

50 



APPEALS. (Reg. G-15.) 

Upon receipt of request for a reconsideration of a case, the Super- 
visor will furnish the applicant with a copy of the 
leco^ui°emt1on.^'°°' grazing regulations and of the instructions upon 
which he based his decision, upon receipt of which 
the applicant udll prepare his formal statement in writing, verif}^ it by 
oath, and accompany it by affidavits of available witnesses. This 
statement when submitted to the Supervisor will cover: 

Actual and legal residence of applicant. 

Period of residence. 

Description and location of legal subdivisions of ranch property 
owned by ap])licant. 

Character of ranch property owned by applicant. 

(a) Improved farm land producing cultivated crops. 

(6) Amount of summer pasture or range. 

(c) Amount of winter pasture or range. 

(d) Amount of land controlling water supply. 

(e) Amount of forage produced annually. 
Period of ownership. 

Description of ranges upon which the stock was actually grazed 
during each of the years previously mentioned. 

Number of years applicant has held a permit to graze stock on 
National Forest range. 

Number of each class of stock grazed under permit during pre- 
ceding year. 

Number of each class of stock fed during each wmter. 

Quantity of forage fed during each \vinter. 

Statement of reasons for reconsideration, citing the regulations and 
special instructions contrary to the Supervisor's decision. 

List of witnesses who can substantiate the preceding statements. 

List of affidavits submitted in corroboration of statements. 

And such other material facts as may have a bearing upon the case 
at issue. 

When all the evidence in the case has been filed by the applicant 
with the Supervisor, he a\H11 examine the record carefully, and if evi- 
dence upon material points is lacking he will notify the applicant of 
the omission and advise him that he will be given 10 days additional 
in which to submit the missing evidence. Within 10 days from the 
date of the filing of the completed record the Supervisor will prepare 
a formal decision, discussing each point of the apphcant's state- 
ment, and stating clearly tlie regulations and reasons upon which 
his decision is based. This will be forwarded by registered mail to 
the applicant. 

Should the decision be adverse, the applicant may file written 
notice with the Supervisor within 10 days from the receipt of the 
registered decision, requesting a further consideration of material new 
evidence. The applicant will be advised by registered letter of the 

51 



52 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

action taken upon his request, and if it is granted, mil submit the 
additional evidence within the time set by the Supervisor. If the 
request is allowed, the Supervisor will prepare a final decision, which 
will be transmitted to the appellant in a registered letter If the 
request is refused, or if the Supervisor's final decision is adverse, the 
applicant may appeal to the District Forester by fihng written notice 
with the Forest Supervisor witliin 10 days from the receipt of the 
registered notification. In an appeal before the District Forester, 
the appellant and the Forest Supervisor may each file an argument 
or brief reviewing the previous decisions and the evidence in the case. 
New e\ddence wall not be admitted unless the applicant's request for 
the consideration of new evidence had been rejected by the Super- 
visor, in which event the new evidence may be submitted to the 
District Forester, and if material, will be considered by him. 

Wlien an appeal is taken to the District Forester the Supervisoi 

will forward the complete record in the case to him 

trit^Fore^ster***^ ■°'^" ^^^ l^is Consideration. Wlien this is received the 

District Forester will review it and prepare a decision, 

wliicli will then be sent by registered mail to the appellant, and a 

copy transmitted to the Supervisor. 

The Supervisor's decision will not be reversed unless it is shown to 
be unwarranted by the facts, the regulations, instructions, or the 
law. Wlien there is a variation in the statements of the Supervisor 
and the appellant, but the preponderance of the evidence shows the 
Supervisor to be justified in his action, he will be sustained. 

Within 10 days from the receipt of the District Forester's decision, 
an appeal to the Forester may be filed with the District Forester. 
Where a case is appealed to the Forester the appellant may file 
Appeals to the ouc additional statement, reviewing the previous 
Forester. decisions and presenting tlie argument. The Dis- 

trict Forester will also file a statement. These two briefs, together 
with all papers in the case, will be presented to the Forester, and 
upon them his decision will be rendered. 

Appeals may also be taken to the Secretary of Agriculture from 
adverse decisions of the Forester. Any party availing himself of this 
privilege must, within 30 days from the time he receives notice of 
the Forester's decision, file with the Forester his petition for review 
by the Secretary of Agriculture. Upon receipt of the petition the 
Forester will submit all the papers to the Secretary. 

A field investigation of an appeal case may be ordered by the Dis- 
trict Forester, the Forester, or the Secretary of Agriculture. The 
field examiner will submit a report which will be considered at the 
time the decision is rendered. 

Copies of answers or reports will be furnished the appellant in the 
Examination of discrctiou of the deciding oflicer. The appellant or 
records. j^jg authorized agent may inspect the record of the 

case in the office of the Supervisor, District Forester, Forester, 
or Secretary of Agriculture, but will not be allowed to remove any 
papers. Statements of witnesses which have been submitted can 
not be regarded as confidential if they are considered as testimony. 
The appellant should be given full knowledge of the material facts 
contained in such statements, and of the identity of the witnesses. 
Statements submitted in confidence and which must be treated as 
confidential can not be used as the basis for a decision. 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL— GRAZING. 53 

Upon receipt of a complaint in the District office, tlie District 
m laints Forcster will determine whether the information in the 

ompan s. ^j^^ indicates that the Supervisor's action should be 

upheld. If so, the complainant will be informed in writing that the 
Supervisor's handling of the case was correct. If not, the informa- 
tion will be secured, by field investigation if necessary, and the 
Supervisor given instructions. Unless clearly in conflict with instruc- 
tions and only where prompt action is necessary to prevent hardship, 
the Supervisor's action will not be reversed on the basis of the record 
in the files when tlie complaint is received. 



BONDS. (Reg. G-16.) 

The Supervisor may require the owners of stock to give bond to 
insure payment for damage caused by violation of the terms of the 
permit. The amount of the bond will be determined by the Super- 
visor. 

Ordinarily it will be for not less than twice or more than four times 
the amount of the grazing fee, or an amount which represents approxi- 
mately the actual value of the forage. 

A bond may be required of a former trespasser preliminary to the 
issuance of a permit, or of a permittee who has, during two successive 
seasons, disregarded tlie regulations, or whose emplo3^ees are inclined 
to violate the regulations or disregard the orders of the Forest officers. 

The Supervisor will prepare the bond on Form 377, stating the 
number and kind of stock, describing the range, and stipulating that 
the stock will graze only on the area described. After approval by 
the District assistant to the Solicitor, he will send it to the applicant 
with the notice of approval of his application for execution. -Upon 
its return the Supervisor will approve it if he is satisfied with the 
sureties. The permit will not be issued until the bond is approved. 

All bonds required in connection with grazing permits will be filed 
in the Supervisor's office. 



PERMITS NOT TRANSFERABLE. (Reg. G-17.) 

In case a permittee seUs stock under permit and the purchaser 
wishes to continue to graze it on the National Forest, 
pTuc^se?s."°"^ *° upon }n-esentation to the Supervisor of evidence that 
the sale is bona fide the original permit will be can- 
celed and a new permit issued to the purchaser without charge for 
the remainder of the season. Such a permit will be given a new 
number in the regidar serial order. If only a portion of the stock is 
sold, an amended permit for the number of stock retained will be 
issued to the original permittee and given the same number. No 
transfer of fees on the record is necessary in such cases. (For con- 
ditions governing the renewal of such permits the following season, 
see "Renewals of permits," p. 48.) 

Cross-reference entries will be made on the record 
Cross reference. cards in cases of purchase. 

54 



ON AND OFF PERMITS. (Reg. G-18.) 

In the approval of applications from the owners of cattle and horses 
which graze on and off the National Forest an estimate will be made 
of the average number which will be grazed upon the Forest, and the 
fee will be paid upon this number. 

On and olf permits for sheep or goats may be issued for portions of 
the range along the Forest boundary not sufficient in area to support 
a band of sheep or goats during an entire established grazing period, 
which can only be utilized in connection with the adjoining outside 
range. Wliere portions of the outside rano:e can only be used to advan- 
tage in connection with watering places located within the National 
Forests, on and off sheep or goat permits may be issued. 

Sometimes the ownership of private land within a National Forest 
is unknown, or the owner does not object to its use 
lands*"** °^ private -v^itiiout Compensation or lease. In such cases per- 
mits may be issued for the adjoining range under the 
provisions of this Regulation and the grazing fees paid only on the 
stock which will be grazed upon National Forest land, but the per- 
mittee must agree to remove aU stock in excess of the number cov- 
ered by the grazing permit if deprived of the use of the private 
lands by the owners or lessees thereof. 

In issuing this class of permit the grazing fees will be based on the 
grazing capacity of that portion of the range which is National Forest 
land. 

The permit will be issued and the fees paid only for the number of 
animals which it is estimated will use Forest range during the season, 
but it will mention in a proviso the full number of animals which will 
be grazed both on and off the Forest. Only the number of animals 
upon which the fees are charged will be counted against the number 
authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture. 

55 



PRIVATE LANDS. (Reg-. G-19.) 

Permits to cross a National Forest with stock which will be kept 
upon private lands, the owners or lessees of which do not desire to 
waive the rio;ht to its exclusive use, will be issued under the provisions 
of Reg. G-20. 

The privilege of grazing sheep and goats upon National Forest 
lands, under this Regidation, will be allowed only upon such ranges 
as are open to this kind of stock. 

The waiver of exclusive use of unfenced private land s not neces- 
sary where more than one-half of the land comprising the range is 
controlled by the applicant except when the interests of the Govern- 
ment demand it. 

Before issuing permits under this Regulation the Supervisor must 
determine that the title of the land has passed from 
stetus.'"°^^*'°° °* the United States and that the applicant has the right 
to its use. 
The following rules will govern grazing allowances on account of 
private land within the exterior limits of National 
vat^iZds!'*'^°'^^" Forests when it is desired to allow the use of National 
Forest lands upon a waiver by the owner of the private 
land to exclusive use thereof in favor of Forest Service permittees : 
Bona fide settlers who have made homestead entry, but have not 
yet made final proof, may be allowed free permits for 
triYs!^^'^^'^**^ *°' grazing upon National Forest lands the number of 
animals their lands will sup])ort. 
Persons who have filed upon land within the National Forests under 
laws not requiring residence may be allowed free permits for grazing 
upon National Forests the number of stock their lands will support, 
after they have made final payment for the land. 

Owners or lessees of Indian allotments may be allowed permits for 

grazing upon National Forests the number of animals 

Indian aUotments. the land will support, provided that patent has issued 

or a lease has been executed upon the blanks of the 

Indian Office and approved by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 

Persons holding unpatented mining claims within a National Forest 

have the right to the grass or other forage upon such 

Mining claims. claim needed for stock used in connection with the 

development of the claims, but they have no right to 

dispose of the forage to any other person or to collect rental for the 

use of the claims for grazing purposes. Such unperfected mining 

claims therefore can not be accepted as the basis for a permit under 

this Regulation. 

Persons holding permits for range within which mining claims occur 
should be warned not to allow their stock to graze upon them without 
the consent of the claimant. 
56 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 57 

Bona fide squatters upon unsurveyed lands may be allowed permits 
, , for grazino; the number of animals their claims will 

Squatters' claims. i-ii i- ii/-.rv at 

support, provided no claim exceeds 160 acres. JNo 
conflicting claims will be recognized until the matter has been deter- 
mined by the Department of the Interior. 

Persons who have applied to purchase or who have leased any lands 

covered bv State selections will not be allowed free 

state selections. . '• -i i. j- ^i i i j.-i ^n 

grazing privileges on account of these hinds until the 
lists have been approved by the Commissioner of the General Land 
Office. 

Persons who have applied to purchase or who have leased railroad 
. , ^ land witnin the indemnity limits will be allowed free 

Railroad land. . • ^^ j. j> i i i c^ 

grazing privileges on account oi such land alter sur- 
vey and selection by the railroad company and approval by the 
Secretary of the Interior. 

The use of unsurveyed, unselected lands within the indemnity 
limits of railroad grants will be allowed in accordance with the 
grazing regulations under regular paid permits. 

In every possible instance the grazing capacity of the lands offered 
Determination of as the basis of the free permit should be determined by 
range capacity. f^pi^j examination and reported upon Form 251. 

Wlien an application for a permit in exchange for the use of private 
lands is received, card record (Form 403) wiU be made 
showing the name and address of the applicant, the 
acreage of the land owned or leased, the number of each kind of stock 
to be grazed, the location of the range to be occupied, and the grazing 
period. The cards will be filed alphabetically behind the record 
cards for the regular paid permits. 

The application (Form 925), report on the grazing capacity of the 
land (Form 251), and the duplicate copy of the permit (Form 256) 
will be placed in a folder ancl designated according to instructions. 
The permit will be written in triplicate, the original sent the appli- 
cant, the duplicate filed, and the triplicate sent to the ranger in charge 
of the district. 



CROSSING PERMITS. (Reg. G-20.) 

Crossing permits may be granted for crossing stock over National 
Forest lands to points beyond the National Forest ; for crossing stock 
to private lands within a National Forest, or for crossing stock to 
reach dipping vats or railroad shipping points. 

Applications for crossing permits may be made either in person or 
by letter, and the permits issued to either the owner 

Applications. •- • i r j.i i. i 

or person m charge ol the stock. 

Crossing permits will be issued in triplicate (Form 874-17), one 

copy delivered to the applicant, one copy retained by 

*'^™' ^' the issuing officer, and one copy sent the Supervisor. 

Crossing permits will not be issued prior to the opening of the 

gi'azing season for the class of stock concerned, except 

upon an established driveway. They will not be 

issued for stock which is so poor that it will not be able to cross the 

Forest, and they will not be issued for stock to be driven to private 

land within the Forest if the land is unfenced and the number of stock 

is greater than it will support without trespass upon adjoining Forest 

lands. Of course, it is not reasonable to refuse a crossing permit for 

this reason before the grazing capacity of theland has been determined. 

When stock is to be driven across more than one Forest, it should 

Inter forest per- Hot be allowcd to enter the first Forest until crossing 

™^*s. permits have been obtained for the others. 

However, where customary routes of travel or stock driveways 
cross two or more adjoining Forests, interforest crossing permits may 
be issued under an agreement between the Supervisors. The permit 
will be issued on the Forest which the stock first enter, and will 
grant the privilege of crossing all of the Forest land traversed by the 
driveway. Copies of interforest crossing permits wdll be forwarded 
to all Supervisors concerned. 

The dates between wliich the permit may be used should include a 

Period esective. period Sufficient to provide against unavoidable delay. 

To illustrate, where the time recpiired to cross a Forest is 4 days, 

the permit may be made effective for 15 days, with a proviso that not 

more than 4 days will be used in crossing. 

If occasion demands, rangers \vill accompany the stock and see that 
Supervision. there Is no delay or trespassing. 

No charge will be made for crossing permits issued under this regu- 
lation. When a permit is desired for crossing the Forest with stock 
at regular intervals during an entire grazing season, or 
Paid permits. under othcr conditions which warrant the charging 

of a grazing fee, the grazing permit will be issued under Regulation 
G-5 and included in the regular numbered series. 

If the Forest includes a shipping point or if it niust be crossed to 
reach one by nonpermittees trailing stock and Hmited grazing is 
necessary to prevent shrinkage, the Forester may authorize a grazing 

58 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 59 

period of 10, 20, or 30 days, as the case may be, at a specified charge 
per band of sheep or cattle for the period estabhshed. The charge in 
such cases will be based upon the entire period and no allowance^ will 
be made if the range is used for a shorter time. 

It is absolutely essential that persons crossing stock comply with 
Quarantine re ^^•^' ^'^S'^^'l^tious governing the National Forests and 
lations^" '"^ '^^"' "W'ith the quarantine regulations prescribed by the 
Secretary of Agriculture and the State authorities. 
Unless they do so the privilege may bo denied them, but the condition 
of stock as to contagious or infectious diseases will be determined by 
the proper Federal or State authorities. Compliance being assured, 
and if the privilege will not expose the National Forest to damage or 
the regular permittees using it to inconvenience or fhiancial ^loss, 
the permit should be issued without delay and with the fewest pos- 
sible restrictions. 

Before issuing a permit to reach private land, the Forest officer may 
Crossing to private require a written statement of o^vnership of the land 
^^''^^- or a copy of the lease thereof. 

If the land is uninclosed and the apphcant does not desire to waive 
the right to its exclusive use, the stock must be so handled that the 
animals will not intrude upon adjoining Forest areas. In order to 
protect the Forest from trespass or injury, an application for crossing 
with more stock than the land will support may be denied. 

When the private land is securely fenced, the permit may be allowed 

tor any number of stock tlie apphcant desires to graze upon his land. 

It is inadvisable to allow unpermitted sheep to cross National 

Crossing to dip- Forcst lauds to be dipped at a vat within the Forest 

ping vats or Shipping miless there is no available dipping vat outside of the 

limits of the Forest, but the Forest Service will not 

prevent compliance with the Federal or State quarantine requirements 

by retusmg access to a thpping vat so located. The Supervisor will 

determine for each vat on his Forest whether the circumstances 

warrant the granting of this privilege, and the restrictions which 

should govern it and will instruct the rangers accordingly. 

If a shipping point within a National Forest is the only one i-eason- 
ably accessible to persons grazing stock outside, the Supervisor may 
allow crossing privileges under such restrictions as are necessary to 
protect the interests of regular permittees. 

The regular grazing permit carries with it the right to drive the 
crossing to per- ^\?t 7^^" ^^^^ional Forcst lands to and from the 
mitted ranges. auottecl raiiges at the beginning and end of the grazino- 

season, and from the range to the most accessible 
shearing, dipping, and shipping points durmg the term of the permit 
Supervisors should require permittees to secure additional crossino- 
permits only when it is cleaily evident that the unrestricted privilege 
is detrimental to the Forest or to other permittees 



ADVISORY BOARDS. (Reg. G-21.) 

The primary purpose of all the regulations is to make the National 
Forests as useful as possible to the people, consistent with their pro- 
tection and perpetuation. It is eviclent that a committee selected by 
an organized body of representative users is capable of givmg ex- 
tremely valuable advice upon the handling of the interests repre- 
sented. It is clearly impossible to meet the wishes of each individual 
user, but it may be entirely possible to meet the wishes of the majority 
made known through an organization. It is to secure from the people 
collectively definite statements of their needs and cashes that the 
organization of stock associations is encouraged. 

Live-stock associations desiring to take advantage of this regulation 
must file an application with the Supervisor, giving 

ow orme . ^^^^ namcs of all members, the name of the Forest in 

which its members are interested, and the names of the committeemen 
who are to act for the association. The advisory board must consist 
of not more than five members, who must be users of the National 
Forest, and a majority of the board must constitute a quorum. 

The application must be accompanied by a copy of the constitu- 
tion and by-laws and a statement that the action of the board will be 
binding uj)()n the association. These by-laws must provide that all 
persons who are permitted to graze the kind of stock represented by 
the association will be eligible to membership. 

After liaving examined the application the Supervisor mil forward 
it to the District Forester accompanied by a copy of 
the constitution and by-laws. He will state whether 
or not the membership comprises a majority of the j)ermittees for the 
particular class or classes of stock within the Forest or grazing district 
for which recognition is requested, and make a recommendation for or 
against its approval. Upon approval by the District Forester, the 
association will be notified and entitled to the recognition under this 
regulation. The letter of notification will be sent the secretary of the 
association and copies sent the Forester and Supervisor, on receipt of 
which the Supervisor will arrange for cooperation with the associa- 
tion. Applications for recognition of advisory boards not submitted 
through the Supervisor will be referred to him for recommendation. 

A card record of recognized stock associations will be kept. The 

Card record ^^^^® ^^ association, namcs and addresses of its 

officers and the members of the advisory board, and 

the grazing district or Forest for which recognition is granted will be 

entered on a card which will be filed by Forests. A copy of each card 

will be sent the Forester, who mil be kept informed of changes. 

Supervisors should inform the District Forester of any change in the 

f)ersonnel of advisory boards or amendments in the constitution or by- 
aws adopted by recognized stock associations. 
60 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAIi GEAZING. 61 

If the application is disapproved by the District Forester, tiie sec- 
retary of the association wiU be informed and specific 
cattonP^°'^*^ ^^^"" reasons given. On receipt of a copy of such a letter, 
the Supervisor may take the matter up with the local 
representatives, show them what is necessary to correct their applica- 
tion or enlarge their organization to secure recognition. Disapproval 
for noncompliance with this regulation need not preclude reapplication 
and subsequent approval. An appeal from the District T^'orester's 
refusal to recognize a stock association may be made to the Forester. 
While the Forest Service must control the grazing on the Forests 
and retain the administrative authority, it must be 
mtndauons! ^^^°^' remembered that an advisory board is in a position 
to express accurately the wants of stockmen compos- 
ing the association. 

It is the responsibility of the Forest officer to determine in each 
instance whether the wants of the people are compatible with the good 
of the Forest. Wlien they are not, the latter wilfgovern. 

When it is necessary to disapprove the recommendations of an 
advisory board the Supervisor wall furnish them a clear statement of 
his reasons for such disapproval. 

The advisory board may, if the Supervisor's action and reasons are 
Appeals by ad- Unsatisfactory, appeal to the District Forester and 
visory boards. f j-Qm his dccision to the Forester, and from the For- 

ester's decision to the Secretary of Agriculture. 

State associations may appoint advisory boards for any Forest in 
state associations, tiie Statue in which their membership includes a ma- 
jority or the users. A single advisory board repre- 
senting a State association may be consulted by the District Forester 
on questions wdiich concern the entire State. 

If, after setting any date of meeting with an advisory board giving 

Meetin s ample time for all members to attend either in person 

^^' or by proxy, a majority of the board is not present, 

the Supervisor or District Forester will be relieved from all obligation 

to delay action or confer with the board. 

National live-stock associations representing the owners of any kind 
of stock using the National Forests, may appoint an 
ti^^!^°''^^ associa- ^dvisory board, which \vill be recognized by the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture and consulted wdth annually at 
such time and place as may be agreed upon in reference to matters 
affecting the use of all of the National Forests. 

Complaint against the Supervisor's action by members of the asso- 
compiaints of ciation should be taken up through the advisory board 
members. uulcss tlic permittee desires to take up the matter 

direct as an individual. 

Wiiere there is more than one advisory board on a Forest, care 
Area covered. sliould be taken to sce that the members understand 
clearly the boundaries of the area over which their 
jurisdiction extends, whether it be a Forest, a grazing district, or a few 
divisions. In handling important range questions which it is neces- 
sary^ to refer to an advisory board complications may be avoided by 
having this thoroughly understood beforehand. 

Matters submitted to advisory boards should be of genei'al rather 
than individual or personal interest. An individual case, however, 



62 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAIj GBAZING. 

may contain a principle in which a large number of permittees are 
interested, in which event it may very properly be taken up. 

The Supervisor of the Forest concerned or one delegate selected by 
him, upon receipt of an authorized request, may 
Attendance at attend, witliout receiving specific authority fi'om the 
mee ngs. Secretary of Agriculture, any meeting of the stockmen 

using the Forest or of an association of which they are members, at 
which his presence will tend to facilitate the administration of the 
Forest or will be of mutual benefit to the Forest Service and the users 
of the National Forest. 



COUNTING STOCK. (Reg. G-22.} 

Counting corrals should be constructed at convenient points to 
facilitate compliance with this Regulation and an actual count will 
be made wherever possible, without serious interference with the 
proper handling of the stock. Slight discrepancies may be permitted 
from the number covered by permit when an exact count is impos- 
sible. Wlien it is, a very slight excess in a large permit may be over- 
looked or a supplemental application for the excess required. Wlien 
the excess is so great as to warrant the assumption than an attempt is 
being made to avoid payment of fees, the excess number may be 
denied entrance to tlie Forest. A report on stock counted (Form 
874-18) will be sent to the Supervisor as soon as practicable. 

^Vllere the local Forest officers are in ]:)ossession of reliable informa- 
tion that the number of stock being brought in by a i:)ermittee is not 
in excess of his permit number, counting may be dispensed with, 
especially if it involves a material expense to the Service. 

Sheep can be easily counted where there is a corral or where a 
wing can be readily constructed, and therefore 
ng s eep. g|^Q^,|f^[ ]^q Counted each season as they enter the For- 
est or shortly afterwards. 

Ordinarily an excess of 10 head per thousand may be ignored. If 
the range is heavily stocked any greater excess should be removed 
from the herd before it is allowetl to enter. If the range is not heavily 
stocked, the excess number may be allowed to remain in the herd if 
the owner will immediately apply for a supplemental permit for the 
whole excess. 

Where cattle or horses are driven to Forest ranges from the feed 
lots or winter ranges, a count may be made at points 
and°hors°s. *'***^® of entry designated by the Forest officers. In many 
instances, however, the stock is either running loose 
or turned loose in the spring and naturally drifts onto the National 
Forest ranges. Wliere yearlong ranges are included the stock may 
never leave the Forest and seldom be rounded up. 

In such cases the number of cattle or horses being grazed upon a 
National Forest range may be approximately determined in several 
ways. Stock may be coimted in the feed lots where winter feeding is 
the rule, a count may be secured in a round-up, or close estimates may 
be made on the basis of range counts, branding tallies, or sales. 

Counting in the feed lots can be done at a time when it will interfere 
„ ^ , ^ ^ little with a ranger's duties. The results are fairly 

Feed lot counts. . tp ji i c i • i ^• j.- • 

accurate. If the number tor which application is 
submitted is less than the number in the possession of the applicant 
at the time the count was made he may be required on entering the 
Forest to show what disposition has been made of the balance. An 
applicant who refuses to allow his stock to be counted in a feed lot 
may be required to arrange for a count before entering the Forest or 
to round-up at any time thereafter if the Supervisor has reason 
to believe that the number being grazed is in excess of the permitted 
number. 

63 



64 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GEAZING. 

A count of a permittee's cattle on the range is a difRcult and 
expensive matter. Wliere the cattle are wild and 

oun -ups. used to being rounded up only at stated periods, this 

action must be done with all possible regard for the stockmen as well 
as the Forest. An unusual round-up costs money, causes a loss in the 
value of the stock, drifting from their ranges, and unnecessary dam- 
age to the range. Consequently such round-up counts should be 
avoided unless absolutely necessary and wherever possible the num- 
ber ascertained by other methods. 

Regular beef, calf, or stock round-ups inaugurated by the stock- 
men themselves should in no way be under the control of the Forest 
Service. Every Forest officer shoidd avoid arbitrary action in busi- 
ness matters of tliis kind, except when it is necessary in order to pro- 
tect the interests of the Forest. Unless the force of Forest officers is 
sufficient to be with each party of riders all day or unless they have 
the full cooperation of the stockmen an accurate count of each per- 
mittee's stock can not be expected, but luckily the latter is often the 
case. 

Forest officers detailed to accompany a round-up will give first 
attention to their work which is to determine the numbers of permitted 
stock. They should, however, help the stockmen where they can 
and avoid an unnecessary disregard of the authority of the person in 
charge of the work. 

Under ordinary conditions of stock raising, four times the number 
tall calves branded in an average year will approximate 

^' the total number of stock the owner has, from year- 

lings up. To illustrate, if a man brands 100 calves in a normal season 
it is probable that he has about 400 head of cattle, counting yearlings 
and beef on the range. The calf tally multiplied by 5 will give the 
approximate number of stock the owner will have on the range in the 
following year less the number of head sold or lost. 

The record of stock sold and slaughtered, which usually may be 
obtained from the State Sanitarv Board and checked 

Sales records. i •^ i i i j^i^ii'i* ir 

up by railroad records when the stock is smpped rrom 
raih'oad points, will furnish a close approximation of the number of 
stock a permittee is grazing provided he is not selling steers raised 
by other users of the range. 

An estimate based upon the stock found upon a certain range 
,. , is of little value unless it is made by two or more men 

Range estimates. • i, i ■ i -i • i 

Simultaneously to make sure the same animals were 
not counted twice. A single ranger should not attempt a range count 
that will extend over more than one day unless he is certain that stock 
seen the first day will not stray upon the area to be worked the second. 

Some animals are bound to be overlooked in a range count, there- 
fore the estimate should be based upon the assumed ratio of the cattle 
seen and counted to the cattle on the range. This percentage will 
rarely be more than two-thirds, and may be half. If the count is 
based on the work of several men, it is possible to apply as a check 
the percentage of the calf crop that was overlooked on the round-up 
and subsequently range branded, but this of course is a suggestion 
only. 

The owners of stock which is kept under herd upon the National 
Forests will be furnished with cards (Form 976) for the identificatiou 
of their herders by Forest officers. 



DAMAGE BY STOCK. (Reg. G-23.) 

Stockmen may and should be required to repair all damage caused 
by the presence of their stock upon the Forest, but slioidd not be 
called upon to make the repairs of damage not caused by their stock. 
It is entirely reasonable to require a permittee to clear a road or 
trail which has been filled with rocks by the passage of his stock, 
but it is not reasonable to ask him to repair roads or trails that 
were in poor condition before his stock entered tlie Forest. It is 
also reasonable to require the fencing and troughing of a spring or 
seep which lias been damaged by the stock of a permittee. Other- 
wise the Service should undertake the improvement with the coopera- 
tion of the interested permittees if they can be persuaded to assist. 



BEDDING SHEEP AND GOATS. (Reg. G-24.) 

The prolonged use of one bed ground by a band of sheep is 
B d rounds destructive to the range because the amount of 

forage tramped by a close herded band of sheep is 
fully as great as the amount actually fed. Tlien, too, the sheep 
leave the bed groimd hungry and eat a large number of plants in the 
vicinity of the bed ground tliat ordinarily would escape destruction. 
Reestabhshment of the forage tlnis destroyed is dilhcult if not 
impossible. To reduce the damage to a minimimi the bed ground 
should be changed every six days at least. Lambing ewes can not 
be moved every six days, and the interests of the range must in this 
instance be sacrificed in a measure to the needs of the sheep. Where 
no such exigency exists, and where the Government is not compen- 
sated for the damage (by the lambing charge), sheep must not be 
allowed to occupy one bed ground for more than six days. 

The bedding of slieep within 300 yards of a stream or spring that 
is a source of water supply for a community or town must not be 
allowed under any circumstances. 



DISPOSITION OF CARCASSES. (Reg. G-25.) 

To prevent the pollution of water supply and the spread of disease 
among human beuigs, as w^ell as live stock, this rule will be strictly 
enforced. The carcasses of animals dying from blackleg, anthrax, 
glanders, and other bacterial diseases scatter germs on the range 
when they decompose, and a healthy animal may contract the 
disease. Therefore range losses will be materially reduced if all 
carcasses are burned. 

86104°— 11 5 65 



SALTING STOCK. (Reg. G-26.) ] 

'i 

Sheep will consume about a pound and a half of salt during a 
summer season. Deprived of salt they are harder to herd and more | 

destructive to the range. 

Cattle and horses will use approximately 2 pounds of salt per head 
per month from the time the green feed begins until midsummer 
and 1 pound per head per month during the remainder of the year. 
This quantity is in excess of that fed on most ranges, but experience 
has demonstrated that a liberal use of salt is a profitable investment. 
A lack of salt causes cattle to collect around old salt grounds and 
tramp out considerable range. 

Salting is recpiired as a means of Forest protection, and the regida- 
tion should be enforced to as great an extent as the interests of the 
Forest demand. Otherwise it should be enforced only upon the 
request of a majority of the permittees or when the State laws 
reqiiire the salting of stock. 

Ordinarily a person who refuses, upon request, to salt his stock will 
be subject to a reduction in permit number during the following 
year. If his disregard is contmued, and results in damage to the 
range, he may be denied further privileges. Obviously, where 
natural licks occur salting will be unnecessary. 

Salt and water are two important factors in distributing cattle 
and horses on the ran^e. Stock will alternate between salt and 
water if the two are widely separated, and will consume as much 
range around a salt ground as around a water hole. For this reason 
the best results are secured by placing the salt on rocky points at 
some distance away from the water. The salt licks or troughs 
should be placed on ground of no value for other purposes, 
66 



QtTABANTINE AND LOCAL LAWS. (Reg. G-27.) 

Whenever the stock in any loeaUty is known to be infected with a 
contagious disease, or notice to that effect has been given the For- 
ester or District Forester by the Bureau of Animal Industry, the 
owners of all stock to be grazed in National Forests must, if rec{uired 
to do so, subject the stock to inspection, and, if found necessary, have 
such stock dipped or otherwise treated l)efore it is allowed to enter. 
At any time during the period for which a grazing permit has been 
issued, if the stock is found to be infected with a contagious disease, 
it must 1)6 dipped or otherwise treated in accordance with the instruc- 
tions of the inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry, or the per- 
mit will be canceled and the stock removed from the National 
Forests. 

The owners of all stock grazed under permit must comply with 
the live-stock laws of the State or Territory or their permits will be 
canceled. Rangers will report at once any violation of the live-stock 
laws and will assist the stock owners to protect their property against 
loss b^ theft. 

Upon receipt from the Forester of a statement of quarantine or 
inspection work to be conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry 
during the grazing season the District Forester will communicate with 
the Bureau of Animal Industry District Inspectors, requesting 
information regarding tlie quarantine or inspection regulations to be 
in force during the season, and the Forests to which they will apply. 

When this information is received the Supervisors concerned will 
be informed of the same and address of the district inspector in charge 
and will be instructed regarding the regulations to be in force and to 
cooperate with the officers of the Bureau of Animal Industry, ren- 
dering them the necessary assistance and furnishing them with a list 
of the permittees, the dates upon which the stock will enter the Forest, 
and all other information required. 

The same routine will be followed in regard to State c^uarantine 
regulations, unless they conflict with the regulations of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry, 

The enforcement of Federal or State quarantine regulations will not 
be undertaken by the Forest Service except in cooperation with the 
Bureau of Animal Industry or State official in charge, and Supervisors 
will in all cases be furnished with definite instructions for their 
guidance. 

Upon receipt of requests for the enforcement of State or Federal 
quarantine regulations which conflict with Forest interests, or of 
requests from a State official which conflict witli the regulations of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, the District Forester will endeavor to 
secure a modification. If this can not be secured, the matter will 
be submitted to the Forester for decision before final instructions are 
issued to Supervisors. 

Rangers should, when necessary, inform all persons of the local stock 
laws and endeavor to prevent their violation. If actual violation of 

67 



68 NATIONAL FOBEST MANUAL GRAZING. 

the law is discovered by the ranger, he will at once notify the proper 
State officer, if practicable, and report this action to the Supervisor. 
If unable to communicate with the State officer, or if no action follows, 
he will give the facts to the Supervisor, who will transmit them to 
the proper State authority. All officers of the Forest Service will 
assist the proper State or Territorial officials in the enforcement of all 
quarantine and live-stock laws. 

The scope of the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture is lim- 
ited to the protection, occupancy, and use of the National Forests. 
It is realized that certain restrictions in the use of the range, other 
than those prescribed for the protection, occupancy, or use of the 
National Forests, might improve range conditions and protect the 
majority of the stock growers from losses by theft and the negligence 
of the minority, but these matters are outside of the authority con- 
f-^rred by the act of June 4, 1897. If they are covered by State or 
Territorial laws they may be remedied by the enforcement of such 
laws. If they are not, the Forest Service can take action, only when 
Forest interests are threatened. 

Wlienever it is found that the stock interests are suffering on 
account of the ravages of wolves, cougars, coyotes, bobcats, or other 
predatory animals, a report should be made to the District Forester, 
with recommendations for such action as is necessary to reduce their 
numbers. 

Forest rangers and guards may be assigned to the work of hunting 
predatory animals for a limited time each year and will be furnished 
with necessary ammunition, poisons, and traps. If none are suffi- 
ciently experienced or can be spared for the worn, professional hunters 
may be recommended by the Supervisor for appointment as guards 
for such period as their services are required. The Supervisor will 
check the progress and effect of each hunter's work by inspection and 
such periodic reports on Form 343 as he may require, and will initiate 
such action as is necessary for their transfer, furlough, or separation. 
The final results of the hunters' work will be reported to the District 
Forester in the annual statistical report (July 15). 

Recommendations for the appointment of guards or rangers to 
serve as hunters will be referred to Grazing which will signify approval 
of such appointments by a memorandum to Operation. 



PROTECTION OP GAME, FISH, AND BIRDS. (Reg. G-28.) 

Wild game adds materially to the enjoyment of the National 
Value of game n a Forests by the piiblic. It IS as clearly the duty of the 
Forest. Forest Service to do all in its power to protect game 

as it is to protect the National Forests. 

Wliile the authority for making laws restricting huntmg and for 

the protection of game birds and animals outside 

stateauthormel'*'' National game refuges is vested in the State and 

Territorial legislatures, it is expected tliat Forest 

officers will cooperate with the local authorities in the enforcement 

of these laws in every possible way. A passive cooperation which 

permits rangers to refuse appomtments as deputy game wardens or 

to overlook infractions of the game laws will not be tolerated. 

The District Forester will endeavor to arrange a definite plan of 

cooperation with the State or Territorial authorities. 

Di^tri ^t'l-w^estl^ ^^ He will offcr the cooperation of tlie Forest Service 

in the protection of game on the National Forests 

in the District, furnish lists of rangers wdiose appointment as deputy 

game warden is desirable, and will assist in every proper way in the 

collection of evidence and the prosecution of offenders. 

The Supervisor will see that the ])lan of cooperation is put into 
effect on the Forest. He will recommend, through 
officers? °* Forest ^^^^ District Forester, such of the rangers for appoint- 
ment as deputy game wardens as are necessary to 
protect adequately the game on the Forest. It is not intended that this 
work sliall interfere with the regular Forest business, but it should be 
carried to the highest point of efficiency possible without such interfer- 
ence. Nor is it mtended that Forest officers should enforce the game 
laws with any less tact and judgment than is recpiired in the enforcement 
of National Forest regulations. Copies of the local game laws can 
always be obtained in sufficient quantities for distribution among 
cam])ers and travelers, and courteous instruction in regard to them 
will usually save the disagreeable necessity of an arrest for their 
violation. 

Forest officers are authorized to accept bounties offered and 

Fees and bounties, ^"oluntarily paid by the State, counties, associations, 

or individuals for predatory animals killed, but must 

not accept any fees or parts of ffiies on account of enforcement of 

State game laws. 

In making range allotments the Supervisor should see that limited 
winter or summer feeding grounds, and in some 
stick!"^"^'"^* ''^ "^^ cases breeding grounds, of elk, deer, antelope, moun- 
tain sheej), or mountain goat are not crowded with 
stock to the extent of driving the game from its natural range or of 
depriving it of winter feed upon which it is dependent. On adjoining 
Forests cooperation on the part of both Supervisors may be nec- 
essary to accomplish this. In other cases, sheep may be excluded 

69 



70 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING. 

from limited areas to provide nesting places for game birds, such as 
pheasants, grouse, wild turkey, ptarmigan, or mountain quail. No 
arbitrary action should be taken which would cause hardship to stock 
owners. Wlierever possible the owners affected should be consulted 
and induced if possible to agree to the proposed action. 

Forest guards and hunters appointed for the purpose of killing 

and trappmg predatory animals may be assigned 
esthunte™r*°^^°'"" to work in portions of the Forest where such animals 

are known to be killing game in quantities. 
Rangers should be instructed to report instances of game killed by 
predatory animals. 

If the Supervisor discovers that the number of game fish is mate- 
stocking streams, rially decreasmgin a streams, or that good streams or 

lakes exist in which there are no fish, he may report 
the fact to the District Forester, who will take it up with the State 
authorities if they ovra or control hatcheries, or through the For- 
ester with the United States Bureau of Fisheries, with a view to 
havhig fry sent the Supervisor for stocking the waters of his Forest. 
Rare species in danger of extinction should be reported to the For- 
ester for advice from the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

If the Supervisor finds that the local game laws are inadec[uate 

to protect the game or fish in his locality — for example, 
flictin^state ilws*!''" ^ tlie opcu scasou ou deer allows hunting during the 

mating season or permits quail to be killed before the 
young are able to care for themselves — he should report to the Dis- 
trict Forester, who will bring it to the attention of the State warden. 
When any class of game on a Forest is m danger of extermination, 

the Supervisor should investigate the matter as 
^Game extermina- thoroughly as possible. If he considers that the emer- 
gency is serious or that peculiar conditions exist, he 
will make a preliminary report to the District Forester requesting 
the detail of a representative of the Biological Survey to his Forest 
to conduct further investigations. If the District Forester concurs, 
he will prepare a letter to the Chief of the Bureau of the Biological 
Survey for the signature of the Forester rec^uesting this cooperation. 



GAME AND BIRD REFUGES. 

Four different classes of game and bird refuges may be included 
within the National Forests: National game refuges 

Four classes. . i • i -i i -n- i' • i • 

or areas m which the killing of game animals is pro- 
hibited by acts of Congress ; National bird refuges or areas in which 
the killing of birds is prohibited by acts of Congress; State game pre- 
serves, or areas in which the killing of game is prohibited by the 
legislature of the State or Territory; and protected areas or areas 
closed to the grazing of all classes of stock in order to protect game 
in its natural feeding or breeding grounds, but where hunting is 
allowed by the State laws. 

National game refuges are created by specific acts of Congress for 

the purpose of preventing trespass upon public lands 
^National game ref- ^^^ order to pi'otect game and birds. Within a 

National game refuge local game laws apply only on 
private, State, or Territorial lands. 

The hunting, trapping, capturing, or killing of game animals upon 

a National game refuge in violation of any of the 
ratg^ers^"'^'*^ °^ regulations for their protection prescribed by the 

Secretary of Agriculture under the authority of the 
statute creating it is a violation of 'the statute, and offenders will 
be tried in the Unitetl States district courts and not in the State 
or Territorial courts. Under authority granted by Congress, rangers 
are empowered to arrest persons violating National game refuge 
regulations. 

In making arrests Forest officers must be certain that the hunting, 

trapping, capturing, or killing of the game animals 

took place upon Government land within the limits 
of the National game refuge and not upon land in private. State, 
or Territorial ownership, and must be prepared to prove these facts 
before the United States commissioner and in subsequent court 
proceedings. 

When a game warden is appointed from the United States Civil 

Service list for a game preserve within a National 

Game wardens. ^^ ,i ii-.i 

±<orest he may be designated as acting supervisor 
and be placed in charge of the Forest, but game wardens who are not 
placed in charge of a Forest will work under instructions from the 
Supervisor the same as other Forest officers. 

National bird refuges have been created under authority of an 

act of Congress, by Executive proclamation or order. 
^National bird ref- rp|^^ hunting, trapping, capturing, willfully disturbing, 

or killing any bird of any kind whatever or taking the 
eggs of such birds on any lands of the United States within National 
bird refuges in violation of any of the regulations prescribed by the 
Secretary of Agriculture is a violation of the statute. Legal pro- 
cedure and action on the part of Forest officers in cases of violation 
of the regulations on National bird refuges will be the same as on 
National game refuges. 

71 



72 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING. 

State game presei^ves are created by specific acts of the State or 

Territorial legislature for the purpose of protecting 
sefve^!^ ^^^^ ^^^' game animals. Such acts apply to all lands embraced 

within the described area, including public lands of the 
United States, unless they conflict with acts of Congress. The killing 
of game in violation of the act creating a State game preserve is a 
violation of the State or Territorial laws, and offenders will be tried 

in the State or Territorial courts. Forest officers have 
ratglrs^"'^'*^ °^ authority to arrest for violations of such laws only 

after they have been appointed State or Territorial 
game wardens, or have been given special authority by the State 
legislature. 

Wlien a State game preserve is established within a National 
Procedure Forest, the District Forester will communicate with 

the State game warden, offering the cooperation of 
the Forest Service in the enforcement of any regulations for the 

protection of animals in the State Game Preserve, 
statelame'warden^ Upou receipt of a rcQuest froui the State game 

warden that any special action be taken, the neces- 
sary instructions will be issued to the Forest officers concerned. 

If in the judgment of the District Forester it is contrary to the 
best interest of the Poorest to comply with the State game warden's 
request, he may refer the matter to the Forester. 

Protected areas may be established by the Forester within the 
Protected areas National Forests by the exclusion of live stock from 

limited areas which are the natural feeding or breed- 
ing grounds of game animals or birds. Since such areas must remain 
open to hunting under the State game law, an eft'ort should be made 
to secure the cooperation of the State to prohibit the killing of game 
animals within protected areas. 

The boundaries of protected areas should be plainly marked with 

notices showing that the areas are closed to the graz- 
oB^protected*MTa^s^^ ii^g oi Certain or all classes of stock. The grazing 

of stock upon the area will be considered as grazing 
trespass. Forest officers having charge of districts within which 
there are protected areas will give them the most effective protec- 
tion possible. 

All matters dealing with the protection of game on National For- 
ests will be handled in the District offices by officers designated by 
the District Forester and in Washington by officers designated by 
the Forester. 



STRAY OR TJNBRANDED STOCK. 

The ownership of all stray or unbrandeJ stock upon the National 
Forests will be determined by the laws of the State or Territory in 
which the Forest is located, and Forest officers will be governed by 
such laws in the handling of stray or unbranded stock. Persons 
legally entitled to acc|uire title to stray or unbranded stock may be 
allowed to do so, but no permit or agreement should be granted or 
entered into by any Forest officer which authorizes a charge to be 
made for the gathering of such stock or its sale by the person or 
persons who have gathered or captured it. 

The owners of all branded anunals which are captured with un- 
branded stock will be requued to make application for permit and 
pay the grazing fees upon them. Stray or unbranded stock, if not 
clauned by persons entitled to it under the law, will be held, and the 
wState or Territorial authorities requested to take ciiarge of it or 
authorize the Forest officer to dispose of it in accordance with the 
wState or Territorial law. 

Forest officers should not attempt to acquu-e title to stray or 
unbranded stock, or assume that its presence upon the Forest gives 
any right to its use, except when they are quaiined under the law to 
acquu'e ownership of the stock. 

Tlie construction of corrals or pastures lor use in capturing wild 
imbrandetl stock may be allowed under the rules governing other 
special uses of the National Forest. 

Reiml)ursement for ex])enses incurred by Forest officers m the 
capture or removal of unbranded stock from the JNational Forests, 
in excess of their ordinary ex}jenses, may be allowed when the 
expenditure has been authorized by the District Forester. 

73 



METHODS OF RANGE IMPROVEMENT. 

Improvement of National Forest ranges may be effected in three 
ways : 

1 . Ini])roYed methods of handhng stock. 

2. Im])rovement of range by natural reseeding. 

3. Improvement of range by artificial seeding. 

Sheep.—Bj careful experimental study it has been found that sheep 
unmolested in pasture require only from 65 to 80 per 
h^^nl ?he^tock°* <"ent as much range as when herded in bands in the open. 
This is due to th.e difference in the actions of the sheep. 
In pasture they wander about singly or in groups as cattle do, graze 
quietly, and bed in any openmg where night overtakes them. Con- 
sequently, the forage is eaten instead of being destroyed, as it is on 
the range by close bunching, stampeding, and trailmg back and forth 
to camp. The more nearly the former condition can be approached 
on National Forests the better for the range as well as for the sheep. 
Herders should be induced, wherever possible, to avoid quick mass- 
ing with dogs, to bed the band where night overtakes it, and to leave 
a camp in good condition and return to it later rather than feeding it 
out to its full capacity in one visit. 

Cattle. — Cattle havc^ a tendency to congregate and graze in areas 
in the neighborhood of watering ])laces and salt grounds. To offset 
this new water holes may be developed and salt at a distance from 
water distributed. 

Goats. — Wliere goat herders maintain but one camp where the 
goats retm^n to bed night after night as is the custom, the entire range 
about the camp is destroyed. Not only the grass and forage but the 
shrubs and even small trees are killed. 

Where goats graze u})on National Forest ranges they will not be 
allowed for more than six successive nights upon one bed ground 
except during the kidding season. If goat herders can be induced to 
handle theu* bands ^vith a movable camp following the herd, the 
damage done could be greatly reduced and much of the objection to 
their presence on National Forests would be removed. The rapidity 
with which feeding goats move over a range is another injurious 
element. This may be prevented by the herder if he will hold the 
herd and force them to scatter and graze more openly. 

One of the chief reasons for the slow recovery of impoverished 
Natural reseedin ^''^^ig^^ i^ the fact that the forage is usually grazed 

a ura resee ng. ^^^^|^ ^^^^^ before the sccd crop is mature. It has been 

found that a portion at least of each range can be protected until the 
seed of the most important forage species has matured and scattered 
with no serious inconvenience to the stockmen. The area that can 
be set aside for later grazing will depend u])oii the time at which ihe 
seed crop ripens. If, for example, one-fifth of the season rema in s 

74 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING. 75 

after the seed has matured, one-fifth of the entire range allotment 
may be set aside for natural seeding each season. 

After the seed has ripened the reserved area may be grazed in the 
usual manner in order that the seed may be tramped into the ground. 
It is advisable to make the same reservation the follo\ving year in 
order to give the seedlings a chance to develop a strong root system. 

On ranges so severely overgrazed that the desirable forage species 
Artifl di li'^"^6 been almost entirely destroyed and the lands are 

denuded, it is evident that artificial reseeding must 
be resorted to. Wlien such work is undertaken two points must be 
remembered in selecting species for planting. First, the soil and 
moisture requirements of the plant itself, and second, the soil and cli- 
matic conditions of the area to be seeded. Redtop for example, 
shovdd never be sowii in dry soils, or even on -meadows which may 
become dry in the latter part of the season. Smooth brome grass, 
which is one of the most drought-resistant species known, would in all 
probability not succeed in a moist locality. 

In reseedmg with forage s})ecies wdiich make a quick height growth 
„^ . ^ or a heavy sod, care should be taken to insure asjainst 

Choice of areas. ,.,.-' • , i , i i , • p , ^ • 

competition with the reproiluction oi tree species, 
where forest reproduction is possible. Therefore in such cases a 
species like orchard grass, which forms tussocks, may be used. Such 
grasses leave a portion of the soil exposed where the tree seed may 
start. 

The areas selected for seeding experiments need not be large. For 
a single species an acre, or even Jialf an acre, is ample. It is essen- 
tial, however, that the area selected should be representative of the 
general conditions on tlie range in need of reseeding. In order to 
obtain reliable results, experiments will necessarily extend over a 
period of years. To insure a fair test the experimental plot, or at 
least a portion of it, should be fenced. A cletailed record of the 
work should be kept by the officer responsible for the experiment 
and progress reports submitted at the close of each growing season. 
The accompanying Blank A w^ill be filled out when the experiment is 
started, and Blank B used for progress reports 

Blank A.] [To be made in duplicate. 

Report on 

Grass Seeding Station 

National Forest. 

Area 

Strip No 

(Designation on location post.) 

Established 191. . . 

Location 

(By section, townsliip, and range, if possible.) 



76 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 

Character of site: 

Exposure Slope . . . 



(Approximate degrees of incline.) 
Altitude Soil type. 



Cover 


(Sandy, clay loam, gravelly loam, etc.) 


(Trees, brash, grass— stating only most aV)imdant species.) 


. 


Past history 







(Cut over, grazed, Imrned — state when burning took place, if possil)le.) 
Proteetion 



(Fenced or merely protected by lierding.) 



Moisture 

(Submoisture, precipitation, approximate annual rainfall and precipitation during the growing period.) 



Species sown singly 

Species sown ton mixture 
Source of seed 



(Good, average, poor, gennination test.) 
Quantity of each species of seed per acre 



Preparation of the soil 

(Plowed, harrowed, bm.shed, tramped in, etc.) 



Method of sowing 

(Broadcasted or drilled in.) 

Was seed well covered? .* 

Cost of Ranger labor 

Cost of outside labor 

Total cost of sowing per acre, including seed 



(Signatiue.) 

(Title.) 



Date of report , 191 . 



NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 77 

Blank B.] [To he made in duplicate. 

Progress Report on 

Grass Seeding Station ; 

National Forest. 

(To be submitted July 1 and October 1.) 

, 191... 

Area Strip No 



Established ,191. 

Location 



Density of stand . 



Species predominating. 



(Time since seeding.) 

(Time of gennination.) 

(Are any dormant seed foimd?) 

(Approximate number of seedlings per square yard.) 

(Is stand imifonn?) 

(If sood was of but one source, this need not be filled in.) 



Soil moisture at this time. 



Light conditions and competition 

(State if weeds and native species arc overshadowing and crowding out seedlings.) 



Root development 

(Note depth and spread.) 

Would seedlings be pulled out of ground if grazed? 

Approximate precipitation since seeding. 



(Climatology, considered favorable or unfavorable.) 



Height growth. 



(Average length of blades and entire plant.) 



Protection . 



(If grazed, to what extent and by what class of stock.) 



78 NATIONAL FOEEST MANUAL — GRAZING. 

Loss of seedlings due to grazing 

Remarks 

(If experiment is failure, show cause; if it has any noticeable drawbacks, note them.) 

(Suggestions for improvement in continuing the experiment.) 

(Reference to special letters written concerning improving the experiment.) 

(Signature.) 

(Title.) 
Date of report , 191. . . 

The time of sowing and the subsequent treatment is quite as im- 
portant as the selection of the species. In nearly all localities (nota- 
ble exceptions being marshy meadows and swales, 
^''''^'^lem""^ ^^" where the seed is liable to decay) fall seeding is 
usually much more successful than sowing done in the 
spring. In all seeding the ground can be worked more satisfactorily, 
which materially increases the j^er cent of germination and the seed 
coat, being thoroughly soaked and softened by the soil moisture, ger- 
minates as soon as the temperature becomes favorable. This results 
in the formation of a deep root system and better chances of survival 
through a later drought period, since seed sown in the spring ger- 
minates later, the resulting stand being relatively low, and a high per 
cent of loss follows when the surface layer of soil dries out. 



REPORTS. 

Forest rangers will make quarterly reports on the condition of 
Rangers to Super- the stock and the range under their cluirge in accord- 
visors, ance with the outline on Form 658, when 50 per cent 
or more of the permits on the grazing district are year long. If 
less, these reports will be made on June 30 and September 30. 

In the report for the quarter ending September 30 rangers will 
include the approximate number of stock grazed free under the ten- 
head exemption. (See ''Stock exempt from permit," p. 22.) 

The Supervisor may require from each ranger with the quarterly 

report, or oftener if necessary, a re])ort on stock 

Mortality reports. ^^^;;j.^^^ii^y covering the number of animals of each 

class discovered on the cUstrict during the period covered by the 
report dead of disease, accident, wild animals, poisonous plants, and 
starvation. The disposition of the carcass should be noted in each 
case. 

Rangers or guards counting stock entering the Forest will report 
to the Supervisor on Form 874-18 as soon as possible 

Counting report. ... ,^ , 

alter each count. 
Permits issued under Regulation G-19 should be leased upon a 
Grazing capacity held estimate of the grazing capacity of the lands 
of private lands. involvcd. Private lands withm a ranger's district 
may be examined when the application is made, or in advance of 
apphcation at any time an opportunity occurs. Reports will be 
made on Form 251. 

Wlien required by the Supervisor, officers employed as hunters 
will submit a report (Form 343) showing the work 

Hunters reports. i-ii-xiii. a 

accomplished since tlie last report. 

Grazing Chapter, Supervisor's Annual Forest Plan. 

As a matter of convenience to the stockmen it is desirable to make 
pubhc as soon as po.ssible the number of stock that will be allowed 
to graze on the Forest the following season, the periods and the fees. 
Therefore, immediately after the close of the grazing season and not 
later than December 1, Supervisors will submit the "Grazing" 
chapter of the annual forest plan in duplicate, forwarding it to the 
District F'orester without waiting for the completion of the rest of 
the plan. The following points will be covered : 

A statement of amount of rainfall and forage as compared with 
General range con- other years. The conditions of the range at the close 
^^^o^- of the season, and whether or not any portion of it 

is being injured by overgrazing. The condition of the stock at the 
time of entering '^and leaving the Forest. Market conditions and 
sales of stock during the season. Matters of general interest concern- 
ing the welfare of stock grazing upon the Forest. 

79 



80 NATIONAL FOREST MANUAL — GRAZING. 

Proposed changes in the grazing districts. The division of the 

districts between different kinds of stock. Closing- 
Range divisions. • . 1 . j^.i 1 1 '^ 
areas against sheep, goats, cattle, horses, or hogs, 

for the protection of watersheds or of the Forest. The distribution 
of the stock upon the range changes in the number allowed upon 
districts or divisions. The establishment of driveways and restric- 
tions in their use. 

General plan adopted in the approval of apphcations. Special 
. „ . . rules for allotments. The establishment of protec- 

Pennlt allotments. . . • i • • ^ ^ 

tive or maximum hmits. 

Losses of stock from poisonous plants and the need for investiga- 

tions. Prevalence of predatory animals and the 

need for the appointment of hunters. Prairie dogs 

and need for their extermination. Need for scientific investigation 

to determine a practical means of reseeding the range. 

The approximate number of owners and of each kind of stock 
stock grazing grazed free under regulation. 

without permit. 

Degree of cooperation received from stock associations. Methods 
Live stock associa- used ill Settling Controversies and adjusting range 
t'*"**- disputes. 

An estimate of the grazing capacity of National Forest lands only, 
Estimating grazing countuig stock 6 montlis old, but figuring on the 
capacity. natural increase. 

Increase or decrease in the total number of each class of stock to 
... be grazed on the Forest during the comhig season, 

Recommendations. ,i ° i- . -i ,- i- xi > i i j. i- j. • i. 

the distribution oi the stock between districts. 
Grazing periods in different poitions of the Forest and for different 
classes of stock. The fees to be ciiarged for each class of stock. 
Special rules to meet local conditions. The issuance of five-year 
permits. (See Reg. G-1.) 

The Supervisor will prepare a map of the Forest in duplicate, suit- 
able for insertion in the Forest Atlas, to accompany 

razngmap. ^^^^ grazing chapter. It will show grazing district, 

areas open to each class of stock, lambing grounds, driveways, over- 
grazed areas, areas closed to any kind of stock, and areas which can 
not be utilized for grazing. 

The Supervisor of a National Forest having a National game pre- 
serve within its limits will include in his annual plan 

ame preserves. ^^^^^ information Oil the condition of the forage within 
the preserve, the estimated number of game animals occupying the 
range, their condition and the permanent improvements necessary. 
Recommendations will be made regarding all matters which demand 
action. 

Grazing Section — Supervisor's Annual Statistical Report. 

A report on the printed form in accordance with the instructions 
thereon, giving the required data and information on the following 
subjects: Grazing permit; Classification of permits; Crossing per- 
mits and permits on account of private land; Predatorv animals 
killed. 

This report is due with the District Forester on July 15, and wiU 
cover the preceding fiscal year. 



NATIONAL, FOREST MANUAL GRAZING. 81 

Wlientliis report is compiled, the record cards (Forms 621 and 256) 
for permits issued since July 1 of the preceding year and for the cur- 
rent grazing year may be checked with a blue pencil in the ''Number 
applied for" column. 

When the data is prepared for the classification of permits by 
grades, the record cards may be checked as above with a red pencil. 

After the annual statistical report has been prepared, the record 
cards for the previous grazing year will be transferred to the closed 
files. 

District Forester's Report. 

Upon receipt of the Supervisor's grazing chapter the District 
Annual District oftice of Grazing will take the action outlined under 
Pi*"- "Allotments," p. 20. 

On receipt of all the Forest Statistical reports the District Forester 
^f«f.,Hr=.i r»,.«rt "^^'ill compile the data for the District showing the 

otattsticai report. • r i ^ -i t~\ i -i i-r-. ® 

mlormation by h orests and mail to the Forester not 
later than August 15. 

86104°— 11 6 



GEAZING FORMS. 



Form 879 

(Revised March 18, 1911.) 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 



APPLICATION FOR GRAZING PERMIT 

No 



(Date.) 
I, ,of 



(Place of residence.) 

do hereby make application for permit to graze head of cattle, 

(Number.) (Number.) 

head of horses, head of sheep, and head of 

(Number.) (Number.) (Kind of stock.) 

upon lands of the United States within the National Forest, 

from ,191 , to ,191 , and also 

(Lambing specified number of ewes included in aforesaid stieep, or otlier additional use.) 
My marks and brands are as follows: Brands- 

Earmark — 



(Right.) (Left.) 

It is my desire to graze the said animals upon that part of the Forest described as 
follows: 



Provided, That they shall not intrude upon any areas upon which grazing is 
prohibited. 

I do hereby certify that — 

1. This application is made for my own exclusive use and benefit, and not directly 
or indirectly for the use of any other person. 

2. My home ranch is located in 

(Give location by township, range, or section, if surveyed.) 



3. I own acres of improved farming land upon which hay or grain is 

(Number.) 

Note.— Animals under 6 montlis old at the time of entry which are the natural increase of stoclc grazed 
under permit will not be counted. 

(over.) 
82 



raised, and alao acres of eummer grazing land, and acres of 

(Number.) (Number.) 

winter grazing land, located in the counties of 



4. I now actually own head of and 

(Number.) (Kind of stock.) (Number.) 



head of 

(Kind of stock.) 

5. My are ranged, during the winter season, on 

(Kind or kinds of stock.) 

(Give township, range, and section, If range Is owned or leased by applicant. If on public range, so state. ) 

(If stock is fed, give location of ranch and amount of hay used.) 

6. I have regularly used range now in the National Forest 

during the past years and grazed head of 

(Number.) (Number.) (Kind of stock.) 

and head of on said Forest during the past season, 

( Number. ) ( Kind of stock. ) 

from to 

(Date.) (Date.) 

7. I have not made application for a grazing permit in any other National Forest, 
except as follows: 

If this application is granted, in whole or in part, I do hereby agree to deposit the 
amount due for grazing fees to the credit of the Treasurer of the United States in the 
U. S. Depository designated by the letter of transmittal. 

I also hereby bind myself and my employees engaged in caring for the animals 
while on the Forest to extinguish all camp fires started by myself or any of my em- 
ployees before leaving the \dcinity thereof, and to render all reasonable aid in extin- 
guishing forest fires within the district in which the stock is grazed, such service to 
be without compensation if required to protect the grazing area allotted to me and 
described in my grazing permit, but at the prevailing rate of compensation if other- 
wise. 

I also hereby agree that I will allow my stock to graze only upon lands of the United 
States within the areas specified in the permit, that I will obey and support all the 
laws and regulations governing National P'orests, and that I will pay for all damage 
sustained by the United States through any violation, by myself or my employees, 
of such laws or regulations, or of the terms hereof or of the permit issued upon this 
application. 

I also agree to forfeit the permit whenever the National Forest for any reason ceases 
to exist, or for a \'iolation of the National Forest regulations now or hereafter adopted 
or of any of the terms hereof, or of the terms of the permit issued hereupon, or when- 
ever any injury is being done to the Forest by reason of the presence of the animals 
therein. 

Approved , 191 , 

(Date of approval.) 



(Signature of applicant.) 



for cattle, horses, 

(Number.) (Number.) 



sheep. 

(Number. ) ( Post-office address. ) 



(Signature of Forest officer.) 
(Title.) 



Form 298 

(Revised March 18, 1911) 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 
APPLICATION FOR GRAZING PERMIT, FIVE=YEAR PERIOD 

No 

(Date.) 



I, ,0f 

(Place of residence.) 

do hereby make application for permit to graze head of cattle, 

(Number.) (Number.) 

head of horses, head of sheep, and head of 

(Number.) (Number.) (Kind of stock.) 

upon lands of the United States within the National Forest, 

from to , f or a period of five years, begin- 
ning , 191 . . , and also the privilege of 

(Lambing specified number of ewes included in aforesaid sheep, or other additional privilege.) 
My marks and brands are as follows: Brands — 

Earmark — 




(Right.) (Left.) 

It is my desire to graze the said animals upon that part of the Forest described as 
follows: 



Provided, That they shall not intrude upon any areas upon which grazing is prohibited. 

I do hereby certify that — 

1. This application is made for my own exclusive use and benefit, and not directly 
or indirectly for the use of any other person. 

2. My home ranch is located in 

(Give location by township, range, or section, if surveyed.) 



3. I own acres of improved farming land upon which hay or grain is 

(Number.) 

Note. — Animals under six months old at the time of entry which are the natural increase of stoclc grazed 
under permit will not be counted. 



(over.) 
84 



raised, and also acres of summer grazing land, and acres of 

(Number.) (Number.) 
winter grazing land, located in the counties of 



4. I now actually own head of and 

(Number.) (Kind of stock.) (Number.) 



head of 



(Kind of stock.) 



5. My are ranged, during the winter season, on 

(Kind or kinds of stock.) 

(Give township, range, and section, if range is owned or leased by applicant. If on public range, so state.) 

(If stock is fed, give location of ranch and amount of hay used.) 

I have not made application for a grazing permit in any other National Forest, except 
as follows: 



If this application is granted, in whole or in part, I do hereby agree to pay 
to the National Bank of (U. S. Deposi- 
tory), or such other depository or officers as shall hereafter be duly designated by the 
United States, to be placed to the credit of the Treasurer of the United States, the 
amount due for grazing fees for a period of five years annually in advance at the regular 
rate fixed each year for the said National Forest on the full number of animals for which 
my application is approved, and to use the range each year unless the Forest Supervisor 
agrees that it should be given a rest. 

I also agree that the annual permits issued to me shall not be transferable, but it is 
agreed that if the stock is sold a permit may be issued to the purchaser allowing him 
to continue grazing it on the National Forest range until the expiration of the annual 
period for which the fees have been paid. 

I also hereby bind myself and my employees engaged in caring for the animals 
while on the Forest to extinguish all camp fires started by myself or any of my 
employees before leaving the \'icinity thereof, and to render all reasonable aid in 
extinguishing forest fires within the district in which the stock is grazed. 

I also hereby agree that I will allow my stock to graze only upon lands of the United 
States within the areas specified in the permit; that I will obey and support all the 
laws and regulations governing National Forests; and that I will pay for all damage 
sustained by the United States, through any violation, by myself or my employees, of 
such laws or regulations, or of the terms hereof, or of the permit issued upon this appli- 
cation. 

I also agree to forfeit the permit whenever the National Forest for any reason ceases 
to exist, or for a violation of the National Forest regulations now or hereafter adopted, 
or of any of the terms hereof, or of the terms of the permit issued hereupon, or when- 
ever any injury is being done to the Forest by reason of the presence of the animals 
therein . 

Approved , 191 , 

(Date of approval.) 



(Signature of applicant.) 

for cattle, horses, 

(Number.) (Number.) 



(Number.) 



(Post-office address.) 
."sheep. 



(Signature of Forest officer.) 
(Title.) 



85 



POSTAL CAED NOTICES 



Form 153 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 

,191 

M 

Dear Sir: 

Applications for permits to graze 

on the National Forest during the season 

of 191 must be filed in my office on or before , 

191 . 

Application blanks and full information in regard to grazing periods 
and fees to be charged may be had upon request. 



Supervisor. 



Form 303 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 

'. ,191 

Dear Sir: 

Your application for a grazing permit on the 

National Forest is received, and you will be notified of the action taken 
in due time. 

Very truly, yours. 



Supervisor. 



86 



Form 861 G 
(Revised June 1, 1910) Notice to Grazing Applicant and Letter of Transmittal 

SEE OTHER SIDE FOR INSTRUCTIONS — READ CAREFULLY 

Payment must toe made toefore beginning of tlie grazing period 

, 191.. 

The National Bank, 

United States Depository, 



There is inclosed herewith a (1) ■jjjj.^ft" [ ^^r 

dollars, 

drmvn payable to your order, to be placed to the credit of the Treasurer of the 

United .States. This deposit is on account of an application dated , 

191. .. , for a permit to graze head of , head of 

head of , upon lands of the United States within the 

National Forest, which has been approved for head 

of head of , head of , 



the stock to be allowed in District No 

from , 191 . . . , to ,191 

(2) 



(Signature of payer) 
(3) 



( Post office) 
(Permit No.) (Supervisor) 

(Name) 

Deposit on account of grazing permit, 

National Forest. 



[Reverse side— Form 8G1G] INFORMATION FOR PERSONS MAKING PAYMENTS 

Indicate in the gpace marked (1) the character of your remittance, in (2) your name, 
and in (3) the address to which you wish the receipt sent. Failure on your part to 
make payments in the following manner will delay business: Make payments by postal 

or express money orders or by National Bank drafts, drawn payable to The 

National Bank. Do not send personal local checks. Send payment with the 
copy of this form furnished you by the Forest officer to The National Bank, 



INSTRUCTIONS TO FOREST OFFICERS 

Furnish this form to persons making payments for grazing permits. Enter in the 
spaces provided the amount of the remittance, date of application, number and kind 
of stock permit is applied for, number application is approved for, district stock will 
be grazed upon, and period during which grazing will be allowed. Send a duplicate 
copy to the District Forester and file a triplicate copy with the other papers in the case. 
Do not use this form for any payments except those on account of grazing permits. 

87 



Form 656 

(Revised March 18, 1911) 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
FOREST SERVICE 

GRAZING PERMIT 

(This permit is not transferable.) 
No 



(Date.) 

M , of , having paid 

(Name) (Place of residence.) 

to the National Bank of (U.S. Depository) 

the grazing fee amounting to the sum of dollars ($ ), is 

hereby authorized to pasture the following number and class of live stock : 

head of 

and head of 

branded or earmarked as follows: 




(Right.) (Left.) 

upon lands of the United States within the National Forest 

from , 191.., to , 191..; 

Provided, That the animals shall not intrude upon any area upon which grazing is 
prohibited, nor upon any portion of the National Forest except the following-described 
area: 



This permit is issued in consideration of the promises and agreements made by said 
in his application No , dated , 191... 



This permit is issued with no obligation or agreement on the part of the Government 
to maintain an exclusive possession upon any part of said Forest to any one person or 
firm, nor as to adjustment of any conflict as to possession. 

For a violation of any of the terms of the application on which it is based, or when- 
ever any injury is being done the Forest by reason of the presence of the animals 
therein, this permit will be canceled and the animals will be removed from the 
Forest. liaia-iir'l 



Supervisor . 

Note. — Animals under six months old at the time of entry, which are the natural increase of stock grazed 
under permit, will not be counted. 



Porm 925 

(Revised March 18, 1911) 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 

APPLICATION FOR PERMIT ON ACCOUNT OF PRIVATE LAND 

, 191. 

I, ,of 

being the owner, or lessee, of lands described as follows: 



and located within the National Forest, 

do hereby agree to allow the free and unrestricted use of the said private lands by all 
stock permitted to graze on the adjoining National Forest lands, pro\dded that in 

exchange for such use of the said private lands, I am permitted to graze 

(Number.) 
head of and head of upon lands 

(Kind of stock.) (Number.) (Kind of stock.) 

of the United States described as follows: 



within the said Forest, from , to 

(Date.) (Date.) 

during which period the said private land will adequately support the number of 
stock above mentioned. 

I hereby bind myself and my employees engaged in caring for the animals while on 
the Forest to extinguish all camp fires started by myself or any of my employees before 
leaving the vicinity thereof, and to render all reasonable aid in extinguishing forest 
fires, such service to be without compensation if required to protect the area embraced 
in the permit, but at the prevailing rate of compensation if otherwise. 

I also hereby agree that I will allow my stock to graze only upon the areas specified 
in the permit, and that I will obey and support all the laws and regulations governing 
National Forests. 

I also agree that the permit shall become null and void whenever the National 
Forest for any reason ceases to exist, or for a violation of the National Forest regula- 
tions now or hereafter adopted or of any of the terms hereof, or whenever an injury 
is being done to the Forest by reason of the presence of the animals therein. I also 
agree that during the period the permit is effective I will not allow the use of the 
above described private lands by any stock other than those permitted to graze upon 
the adjoining National Forest lands. 

Approved , 191 . . . 

(Date of approval.) 



(Signature of applicant.) 
(Signature of approving officer.) 

(Post-offlce address.) 
' (Title.) 



89 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 



CROSSING PERMIT 

,191.. 

Mr , of 

is hereby authorized to drive head of 

across public lands in the National Forest, 

between , 191.., and , 191.., 

by the following route : 

This permit is issued subject to all rules and regulations governing 
National Forests. 



(Title of Forest officer.) 



Form 976 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 



HERDER'S IDENTIFICATION CARD 



Mr. 



having been granted Permit No 

to graze head of within 

the National Forest 

during the season of 191 . . , is author- 
ized to di\'ide the animals into 

herds, one of which, designated as 

Herd No , shall not contain 

more than head , and be in 

charge of 

Mr. 

(If herder be changed, draw a line through 
name and enter new name on next line.) 



Forest Supervisor. 
This card must be presented upon de- 
mand of any Forest Officer. 

(over) 
90 



(Reverse side, Herder's Identification card.) 

NOTICE 



The holder of Grazing Permit No. 

has agreed for himself and 

his employees to comply fully with 
all rules and regulations governing 
National Forests, to extinguish all 
camp fires before leaving the vicin- 
ity thereof, and to aid in extinguish- 
ing all forest fires in the territory 
occupied by him or them. It has 
also been agreed that when injury 
is being done the Forest by reason of 
the presence of stock grazed under 
permit, the animals mil be removed. 

These stipulations will be rigidly 
enforced. 

The herder whose name appears 
on this card is particularly warned 
that building a fire upon the public 
domain, in or near a National P\)rest, 
and leaving said fire without totally 
extinguishing same is a crime, and 
any herder who commits such an 
offense will be prosecuted criminally 
to the full extent of the law. Forest 
officers have the right to arrest with- 
out a warrant any person caught vio- 
lating the regulations governing Na- 
tional Forests. A herder who know- 
ingly suffers or permits cattle, sheep, 
or other live stock under his care or 
contract to go upon lands in a Na- 
tional Forest not embraced in a per- 
mit duly issued by an authorized 
oflScer of the Forest Service, is sub- 
ject to prosecution therefor. 



Form 763 

(Revised March 18, 1911) 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 

WAIVER OF GRAZING PRIVILEGE 

This Memorandum witnesseth that: 

Whereas the undersigned, , under date 

of , received from the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, a permit to graze head 

of upon the National Forest; and 

Whereas such permit is understood to carry with it, in the discretion of the Forester, 
subject to necessary reduction, and upon the request of the permittee, a continuation 
of such privilege from year to year; and 

Whereas the said undersigned, , has sold 

to , of ' 

head of ; and 



Now, therefore, the undersigned, 

does hereby surrender unto the United States all privileges whatsoever allowed under 
the aforesaid permit and any such further continuance of the privileges thereunder 
as may be carried by the issuance of the said permit; and further, the said undersigned, 

, does stipulate that will not 

at any future time apply for a renewal of the said permit as to the head 

of sold as aforesaid . 

Executed this day of , 191. . 

Witness: 

91 



Form 377 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 
BOND 

Know All Men by these Presents: That we 

(Names of principals.) 



as principal , and 

(Names of sureties.) 



as suret , are bound 

unto the United States of America in the sum of Dollars 

($ ), for the payment of which sum well and truly to be made to 

the National Bank of (U. S. depository) or 

such other depository or officers as shall hereafter be duly designated by the United 
States, to be placed to the credit of the United States, we bind ourselves and each of us, 
our and each of our heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns, jointly 
and severally, firmly by these presents. 

The condition of this obligation is such that whereas the above-bounden 

(Names of principals. ) 

ha by a certain by on this 

(Application or agreement.) (Signed or executed.) 

day of , 191 , made application for the privilege of grazing 

head of upon lands of the United States in that part 

of the National Forest, described in said application as follows: 



and has agreed, if said application should be granted in lohole or in part, to pay as therein 
provided the amount due for grazing fees, to obey and support all the laws and regulations 
governing the National Forests, to allow his stock to enter or graze only upon lands of the 
United States within the area specified in the permit issued upon such application, and 
to pay for all damage sustained by the United States through any violation, by him or his 
employees, of the aforesaid laws or regulations or of the terms of such application or of 
the permit issued thereupon. 



(Italics to be typewritten on blank form.) 
92 



Now, Therefore, If the said 

(Names of principals) 



shall well and truly perform all and singular the promises in said 

(Application or agreement) 
then this obligation shall be void, otherwise to remain in full force and effect. 

In Witness Whereof, The parties hereto have executed this instrument this 

day of , 191 , at 

[seal] 

[seal] 

[seal] 

[seal] 



(Corporate seal, if corporation) (Principal) 

(Principal) 

(Surety) 

(Surety) 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OP PRINCIPAL. 

State of , County of , ss: 

On this day of 191 , before me . . 



(Name of notary) 

notary public, in and for , residing therein, duly 

sworn and acting under a commission expiring ,19 , personally 

appeared 



(Names of principals) 



known to me to be the of the 

(Title.) 



(Name of purchasing company) 

the corporation that executed the above instrument, and known to me to be the person who 
executed the above instrument in behalf of the said corporation, and acknowl- 
edged to me that he said corporation executed the above instrument, as principal , 
voluntarily for the uses therein specified. 

Witness my hand and official seal the date first in this certificate above written. 

[seal] 

Notary Public. 

N. B. — Italics are to be stricken out when bond is executed by individuals and not by corporations. 

93 



ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SURETIES. 

State op , County of , ss: 

On this day of , 191 , before me. 



(Name of notary) 

a notary public, in and for , residing therein, duly 

sworn and acting under a commission expiring , 191 , personally 

appeared 

(Names of sureties) 

known to me to be the of the 

(Title) 



(Name of surety company) 

the corporation that executed the above instrument, and known to me to be the person who 
executed the above instruinent in behalf of the said corporation, and each acknowledged 
to me that he said corporation executed the same as siuety, voluntarily for the 
uses therein specified. 

Witness my hand and official seal the date first in this certificate above written. 

[seal] 

Notary Public. 

N. B.— Italics are to be stricken out when bond is executed by individuals and not by corporations. 
OATH OF SURETIES. 
(Must toe used when individuals are sureties.) 
State of , County of , ss: 

and 

(Name of surety) (Name of siu-ety) 

being duly sworn, each for himself says that he is a citizen of the United States and a 

resident of ; that he signed the above bond as one of the 

sureties thereon ; that he is worth the sum of 

in property in the of his residence over and above all legal 

liabilities and exemptions, and that he has property therein subject to sale on execu- 
tion worth the sum of 



(Surety) 
(Surety) 



Subscribed in my presence by 

(Name of surety 

and , and by each of them sworn to before 

Name of surety) 

me this day of , 191 

Witness my hand and official seal the date last above written. 

[seal] 

Notary Public in and for the County of 

State of 

My commission expires 

191 



(City) (State) (Month) (Day) 

Approved : 



94 



(Signature of approving officer) 
(Title) 



INDEX 



Page. 

Act of June 4, 1897 2, (iS 

Advisory Iwards: 

Action on recommendations 01 

Application for recognition (iO 

Card record tJO 

Disapproval of recommendations til 

Disapproved applications of 01 

District forester informed of 00 

Duties of 14 

Duty in appeals 50 

Forester to l)e informed of 00 

For national association 15,01 

For State 15, 01 

How formed 00 

How recognized 14 

Matters submitted to be general 01 

May appeal 01 

Meetings of 01 

More than one on a forest 01 

Regulation concerning 14 

Alienated lands, not to be considered 18 

Aliens, permits to _ 10 

Allotments ' 17 

Boundaries of, to be marked 24 

Individual, allowance for strays 25 

Individual, map of 24 

Individual range 24 

For game animals 09 

Pennit, report of 80 

Regulation concerning 8 

To be entered on back of permit 24 

Allowance: 

Must not be exceeded 17 

For private lands 50 

Letters 17 

On new forests or additions IS 

Stock not chargeable against 17 

Amended, form to be marked 48 

Ammunition, will be furnished 08 

Animals: 

Exempt from permit 8 

Predatory 68, 80 

Under months of age 9 

Annual forest plan, grazing chapter of 79 

Annual reductions 20 

Anthrax, animals dving from 05 

Appeals 12, 1.3 

Duty of district forester 52 

Field investigation of 52 

Instructions concerning 50,51 

Method of making 13, 51 

Must be in writing 13 

Must file within 10 days '. . 51 

Of advisory Iwards 01 

Persons making may inspect records 52 

Reconsideration of 51 

Supervisor's decision 51 

Supervisor to forward record 52 

To Forester, additional statement may be 

filed 52 

To Secretary of Agriculture 52 

To Secretary, Forester to submit all papers. 52 

Use of range during consideration 50 

Applicants: 

Classes A, B, and C 10,34 

May be Ijoth B and C class 30 

New, on fully stocked forests 12 

Not owning ranch property ' 44 

Notice to " 11 

Qualifications of 10, 33 

Status, how determined 35 

Who own two classes of stock 35 

Applications: 

Action upon 40 

Amended, how numbered 48 

Amended or corrected, should be marked. . 48 

Amendment of 41 

Canceled, number not used again 49 

Cancellation of 49 

Card record of 49 

Classification of new 41 



Page. 

Applications— Continued. 

Disapproved 48 

Disapproved, api)licant furnished reasons. . 49 

Failure to file in time 40 

For crossing permits 58 

For five-year period 19 

For five-year period, annual reduction 20 

For more than one period 41 

For permits, form of 89 

For permits, use of private land 57 

For permits, general procedure 41 

For permits, how submitted 11 

For i)ermits, in two forests 41 

For stock not authorized 17 

For term permits 41,44 

From cooperative associations 30 

From indicted person 39 

From married women 37 

From minors 37 

From new owners 11 

From new settlers filed six months in ad- 
vance 45 

From nonowner of stock 39 

From nonresidents 38, 44 

From unmarried women 37 

May lie approved subsequently 40 

May be rejected 29 

Method of approval 48 

Method of disapproval 49 

Must t)e received before 40 

Not filed within 11 

Not to 1)6 approved before date 40 

Notification of 40 

Of advisory boards, disapproved 01 

Of liegiimers, not to be approved 45 

On fully stocked forests 12 

On two forests 39 

Pul)lication of date for 40 

Receipt of acknowledged 40 

Supervisor may require statement 41 

Supplemental 41 

To lie filed six months before 12 

To be niunbered 48 

Unusual conditions to be noted 48 

When disapproved applicant notified 49 

When stock is sold after approval 47 

Without intention to use 29 

Approval, duplicate notices of 49 

Areas: 

Poisonous plant 23 

Protected , boundaries of 72 

Protected for game 72 

Supervisor may close 23 

Associations: 

Advisory boards of State 01 

Attendance at meetings 62 

Complaints by members 61 

Cooperative, permits to 30 

Live stock 80 

National live stock 61 

Privileges allowed 36 

When disbanded 36 

Attendance at meetings 62 

Bedding sheep and goats: 

During lambing season 15 

General instructions 65 

More than six nights in one place 15 

Near stream or spring 65 

Bed grounds 65 

Beginners: 

General instructions regarding 45 

Total nmnber allowed must not exceed 45 

Biological Survey 70 

Bird refuges 71 

Birds, protection of 69 

Blackleg, animals dying from 65 

Boards, advisory, regulation concerning 14 

Bonds: 

Basis for amoimt 54 

From trespasser 54 

Grazing, form of 92 

95 



96 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Bonds— Continued . 

Reasons for requiring 54 

Regulation concerning 13 

Supervisor may require 54 

Supervisor will prepare 54 

WTiere filed 54 

Boundaries, of individual allotments 24 

Bounties, wild animals 10 

Brome grass, sowing of 75 

Bureau of Animal Industry 67 

Bureau of Fisheries, United States 70 

Calf tally, count based upon 64 

Camping places, protection of 8 

Capacity: 

Deterintnation of range capacity 57 

Estimating grazing capacity SO 

Carcasses: 

Disposition of 15, 79 

To be burned or buried 15 

Card: 

Herder's identification 18 

Identification, form of 90 

Identification 64 

Card record: 

For permits, procedure in 49 

Of recognized stock associations 60 

Cards: 

Postal, notices 86 

Record, cross references to be made 54 

Record, may be checlved 81 

To be filed alphabetically 57 

Carrying capacity, of certain classes of land ... 18 
Cattle: 

Counting of 63 

Improved methods of handling 74 

Census, of stock 18 

Change of residence, does not d isqualify 46 

Class A 10, 47 

AppUcants 45 

Owners 37 

Owners, protective limits for 42 

Class B, apphcants 10,45.47 

Class C 10, 47 

Classification: 

Of appMcants 10 

Of owners 35 

Complaints: 

Action will not be reversed when 53 

Method of handling 53 

Controversies: 

Settlement of 12 

Settlement of, procedure governing 50 

Supervisor will decide 12 

Contents^ talile of 3 

Cooperative associations 36 

Copartnerships and corporations 34, 35 

Copartnerships and incorporated companies, 

permits to 46 

Corporations (see Copartnerships) 11 

Local or foreign 37 

Corrals, tor captiu-ing wild horses 73 

Corrected , form to lie marked 48 

Counting corrals 63 

Counting stock— 

At round ups 64 

By calf tally 64 

By sales records 64 

Instructions regarding 63 

Range estimates 64 

When an exact comit impossible 63 

Crossing penults (see Private lands) 14, 58 

Form of 90 

Damage by stock 65 

Stockmen to repair 65 

Damage to roads 15 

Dead animals, disposition of 65 

Decision of court, not anticipate 39 

Delinquent, supervisor will notify 49 

Dependence upon range 36 

Disapproved applications, how filed 48 

Diseases , infectious or contagious 15, 65, 67 

Disposition of carcasses 65, 79 

Districts and di\-isions 23 

Supervisors to make 8 

Districts: 

Forest to be divided into 24 

Grazing, changes in 80 

Ranger 24 



Page. 

Division, grazing 23,24 

Divisions: 

Designation of 24 

Smaller than district 24 

Driveways: 

Duty of rangers 25 

Estal>Iished by district forester 25 

Grazing of stock en route 25 

Permits required for 25 

To be marked 25 

When necessary 25 

Emergency concessions 29 

Estates, permits to 37 

Examination of records, conditions of 52 

Exclusion of stock 23 

Exernptions from permit 22 

To Indians 22 

Ewes, with lambs 27 

Federal employees, permits to 38 

Fees (see also Rates): 

Based upon yearlong rate 9 

Determined by district forester 17 

Determined by Forester 17 

Failure to pay 9 

For horses. 27 

For lambing 28 

For periods shoFter than yearlong 9, 26 

For swine 27 

Fractions of cent 26 

How to remit 9 

Letter of transmittal for 32 

Method of estal)lishing 9 

Nonpayment of 29 

Not paid, supervisor wiU notify 49 

On aU animals except 26 

On animals under 6 months 26 

Payable in advance 9, 29 

I'rocedure in payments 32 

Proportion of sheep to cattle 27 

Keduotion in 19 

Refund of 10, 29 

Refund, approved by district forester 29 

To be charged 80 

Transfer of 54 

Yearlong, approved by Forester 21 

Fees and bounties, for kiUing predatory ani- 
mals 69 

Fifteen days, before or after permit 19 

Files, closed 81 

Fines: 

Forest officers not to receive 69 

May not accept 16 

Finns (see Copartnerships) 11 

Use of range by 37 

Or corporations, may be required to furnish 

statement 41 

Fish: 

For stocking streams 70 

Protection of 69 

Five-year periods (see Term permits) 20 

Foreclosure of mortgage 39 

Forestplan, annual 18 

Forests: 

Additions to 10 

Fully stocked 12 

Form 153 40, 86 

222 24 

251 57,79 

256 49,57,81 

298 84 

303 40,86 

343 68,79 

377 54,92 

621 49,81 

656 88 

658 79 

763 31,38,48,91 

776 23 

S61-G 32,48,87 

874-17 58,90 

874-18 63,79 

879 82 

925 57,89 

976 64,90 

Free grazing, for Indians 22 

Game: 

Fish, stocking of streams 70 

In danger of extermination 70 



INDEX. 



97 



Page. 
Game— Continued . 

Protected areas for 72 

Protection of 1;9 

Protection of, district oflacers to enforce. ... ri 

Range allotments for 69 

Game laws 16 

District forester will cooperate 69 

Duties of forest officers 69 

Finos for enforcement of 69 

Printed copies of. 69 

State 71 

To be enforced 69 

Game preserves ^ 

State "2 

Game preservation, cooperation with State . . ()9 

Game wanlons 16,71 

Appointment as 69 

Glanders, animals dying from 05 

Goats: 

Improrred methods of handling 74 

Not allowed until 8 

Grazing: 

Annual grazing, instructions for 21 

Authority of Secretary to pennit 7 

Capacitv of lands 57 

Class of stock allowed 23 

Districts and di\isions 8 

Object of regulations 7 

On driveways 25 

On private lands 19 

Period, 15 days added 8 

Periods, less than yearlong 8 

Regulations, are supreme 23 

Yearlong fees 8 

Chapter, annual forest plan 79 

Chapter, annual district plan 81 

Districts 24 

Estimate, lands included in 18 

Fees 20 

Map, must show areas, etc., with annual 

plan 80 

Periods 19 

Preferences — 

Conditions of 33 

How acquired 33 

How gained 34 

How retained 38 

Value of 33 

Privilege — 

A personal one 33 

No law giving right to 33 

Not transferable 33 

Prior occupancy 33 

Temporary one 33 

Waiver of. 38, 39 

Waiver of, form of 91 

Heirs, minor 37 

Horses: 

Counting 63 

Yearlong rates 9 

Hunters: 

Appointment approved, by grazing 68 

Assignment of, for work 70 

May be employed 68 

Reports to be made 68 

Reports to supervisors 79 

Identification cards 18 

Form of 90 

Improvement, methods of range 74 

Indians, free grazing for 22 

Indictment, not justified, disapproval 39 

Individual ranges 24 

Incorporated companies 46 

Increases and reductions, how made 43 

Instructions: 

To forest officers 17 

Effective until revoked 17 

Kidding {see Lambing) 28 

Lakes and streams, protection of 8 

Lambing: 

On and off 28 

Time range may be used for 28 

Use of range during 28 

Charges, reasons for 28 

Grounds, control of 28 

Or kidding, use of phrase 28 

86104°— 11 7 



Page. 
Lands {sec Private lands): 

Can not be leased 20 

Covered by squatters' claims 57 

Covered by State selections 57 

Private, exchange of, procedure 57 

Private, statement of ownership 59 

Railroad 57 

Squatters upon, unsurveyed 57 

Unsurveyed within indemnity limits 57 

Within indemnity limits 57 

Laws: 

Game, if inadequate 70 

State or Federal, violation of 39 

State, when effective 23 

Stock, duty of rangers regarding 67 

Leases, no authority for 26 

Leasing stock 38 

Leasing system, not practical 26 

Limit: 

Higher on sheep than cattle 42 

Maximum 11,48 

Absolute may Ijo established 42 

District forester may suspend 11 

Does not apply to certain permits 43 

Exception to ii lie 43 

How estaljlislied 43 

Permit in excess of 42 

Reductions in 42 

Of divisions, stock to be kept within 24 

Protective and ma.ximum 42 

Protective, district forester will establish. . . 11, 42 

Protective, when stock is less 47 

Livestock. (Scf Stock.) 

Map, to accompany annual plan 80 

Married women, ajiplications and permits. . . 37 

Maximum limits, how established 42 

Meetings, attendance at 62 

Milch or work animals 8, 22 

Mining claims: 

Grazing on unpatented .56 

Permittees to be warned against 56 

Right of owners to dispose of grazing 56 

Unperfected, can not be accepted 56 

Minors, instructions concerning 37 

Mortality reports 79 

National live-stock associations 61 

Newly created forests, grazing use of 10 

New settlers: 

Must file applications in advance 45 

Policy of recognizuig 34 

Nonresidents, owaiers of stock 38 

Notification of applicants, procedure 49 

Nimibering of applications 48 

On and off pennits 14 

Approval of 55 

Orchard grass 75 

O^vners: 

Of transient stock 35 

Resident ranch 44 

Small nearby 35 

Transient , may be granted permit s 38 

Who purchase winter feed 44 

Ownership of ranch property 30 

Partnership agreement 40 

Partnerships, dissolution of 47 

Partnerships or corporations, instructions for 

granting permits 41 

Pastures, for capturing wild stock 73 

Payments and permits 29 

Payments of fees 9 

Periods: 

Five-vear 19 

Five-year must be authorized by Secretary. 19 

Grazing, method of fixing 19 

Less than one vear 9, 26 

Special 19 

Permits 9 

Allotments 80 

Amended, how recorded 48 

Amended to be issued 54 

Applications for 11 

Applications for, date filed 40 

Application for, false statement of stock. . . 11 

Application for, form of 89 

Applicat ion for crossing 58 

Average number of stock to H 



98 



INDEX. 



Permits— Continued. Page. 

Cancellation of 11,67 

Consolidation of 41 

Crossing 14 

Fonn of 90 

Grazing period may be authorized 69 

Instructions for making 58 

Must comply with quarantmo regula- 
tions 59 

No charge 58 

Over two forests 58 

Rangers may accompany stock 58 

To dipping vats, conditions governing. . . 58. 59 

To private lands 58, 59 

To reach railroad shipping points 58 

When charge may be made for 58 

When denied ._ 58 

When not required .* 59 

Denial of 29 

District forester may require copies of 30 

Description of range in 30 

Division among several purchasers 47 

Extension by supervisor 19 

Extension of 26 

Five-year period 19. 80 

For two classes of stock under protective 

limit 42 

Free 58 

G razing, form 88 

H olders must compjly with live-stock laws . . (i7 

In excess of protective limit 11 

In triplicate 30 

Issued only after payment 29 

Issued under cooperative agreement 43 

May be canceled 67 

May be denied 9 

May be refused 11 

Monthly, not practical 20 

Monthly, only vmder exceptional conditions 20 

New, to purchasers 54 

Nonuse of 31 

Not transferable 13, ,54 

Numbering 30 

On and off 14 

Basis of 55 

Fees charged for 55 

For sheep and goats 55 

Nvunber to be coimted against allowance . 55 

Private land 55 

When issued 55 

Will mention full number of animals 55 

Only for authorized period 29 

Procedure 30 

Reduction of .' 11 

Reductions that would have been made. . . 47 

Renewals of 12, 41 , 34, 47 

Renewal of for diflerent class of slock 46 

Renewal to corjiorat ion 40 

Renewals to purchasers 47 

Speculation in use of 11,32 

Stock exempt from 22 

Stock sold under 13 

Supervisor may witlihold 29 

Supplemental 26 

Supplemental, new card for 48 

Term 30 

Application for increase 48 

How recorded 49 

Increase in 48 

Permittee may decrease 48 

Reductions m 44 

Supervisors need not insist upon 20 

Stockmen may decline 20 

When not authorized 20 

Year to be designated 48 

To copartnerships and incorporated com- 
panies 46 

To corporation, division of 47 

To corporations, reduction in 40 

To firms or corporations 11,41 

To individual, may be changed to partner- 
ships 46 

To married women 37 

To minors 37 

To new owners 11 , 45 

To partnerships or corporations 41 

To State or Federal employees 38 

To two forests " 39 



Permits— Continued. Page. 

To unmarried women 37 

To whom issued '_ iq 

Waiver of 31 

When new number is given 54 

Will be canceled [ n 54 

Will be refused ' n 

Yearlong, when begin 29 

Permittee, change of residence of 46 

Permitted stock, intrusion upon private lands 19 
Permittees, who transfer to incorporated com- 
pany 40 

Plan: 

Annual district gi 

Annual forest, general instructions 79 

Annual grazing 21 

Annual grazing, procedure in 20 

Annual grazing, to be approved by 20 

Plants, poisonous " 23 

Poisonous plant w arning 23 

Poison will be furnished 68 

Prairie dogs, extermination of 80 

Predatory animals: 

Destruction of 69 

Forest officers to himt 68 

Preferences (see Grazing) 33 

Based on original permit 26 

Citizens of United Stales 10 

Classes A, B, and C 35 

Grazing, how gamed 34 

Order of 35 

Retention of 38 

Transfer from one forest to another 39 

Preserves: 

Game 80 

State game 72 

Prior occupancy 33 

Private land 14 

Allowances for 56 

Determination of status 56 

Grazing capacity 79 

Grazing on Indian allotments 56 

Instructions concerning use of 56 

Maxuuum Imiit upon 43 

Permits to reach 56 

Unpertected entries 56 

Waiver of exclusive use 56 

Protected areas, for game 72 

Protection of game, fish, and birds 16 

General instructions 69 

Protective limits, how established 42 

Purchase of ranches only, procedure in 48 

Purchase of stock and ranches 47 

Qualifications of purchaser 47 

Qualification of applicants 33 

Quarantine and local laws, general instruc- 
tions 66 

Quarantine: 

Duty of forest oflScers in 67 

Federal 67 

Not undertaken except 67 

State 67 

Quarantine laws 16 

Cooperation with 16 

Forest Sei-vice will assist in enforcement. . . 08 

Violations of 16 

Quarantine regulations, persons must com- 
ply with 59 

Railroad lands 57 

Ranches: 

Inheritance of 34 

Purchase of 34 

Ranch property: 

Conditions governing use of 36 

Must own 12 

Ownership of 36 

Sale of 46 

Range: 

Conditions, report on 79 

Dependence<upon 36 

Division 24 

Divisions, report on 80 

Improvement, method of 74 

Improvement, natural reseeding 74 

Monopolv 01 11 

Nonuse 61 10, 38 

Nonuse of, by new applicant 38 

Prior use of 34 



INDEX. 



99 



Range— Continued. Page. 

Regular occuiumcy 34 

Regular use of 34 

Reports on condition 79 ■ 

Temporary use of 38 

To prevent monopoly of , 42 

Use of forfeited 38 

Ranges: 

Individual 24 

Stock best adapted to 24 

Unused 20 

Winter 20 

Rates (see Fees): 

Bused upon yearlong 9 

For periods less than one year 26 

For lambing 28 

For sheep 27 

Fractional amounts 9 

Lambing or kidding 9 

Minimum 9 

Receipts, grazing, check upon 49 

Reconmiendations, in annual forest plan 80 

Records: 

Confidential 52 

Examination of 52 

Reductions: 

Annual 20 

In numbers, how made 43 

In term permits 44 

May be made in divisions 43 

When stock and ranches are purchased 47 

Redtop, sowing of 75 

Refuges: 

Bird, authority over 71 

C ame and bird 71 

Game, authority of forest ofllcers 71 

Game, national, purpose of 71 

Game, State 71 

Refunds 10, 29,31,32 

Accotmt of sale of stock 31 

Applications for 31,32 

By reason of trespassing stock 31 

Disapproval of 32 

District forester will decide 32 

Error by forest ollicer 31 

Grounds for 31 

Not to exceed 31 

Procedure for securing 31 

Reasons for refusing 32 

Renewals for SO per cent 31 

To be noted on card record 49 

Regulations are supreme 23 

Renewal: 

Of permits 12, 46 

In excess of maximum limit 42 

Reduction in numbers 12 

When stock and ranches are purchased 47 

Reports: 

Annual 18 

District plan 81 

Grazing section of 80 

Statistical, when made 80, 81 

Counting, rangers to supervisors 79 

District foresters 81 

Forests statistical 81 

Hunters 79 

On grazing capacity of private land 79 

On stock and range, quarterly 79 

Quarterly 79 

(^larterly, rangers 22 

Supervisor's annual forest plan 79 

Supervisor's annual statistical 80 

Reseeding: 

Artificial 74 

Natural 74 

Operations — 

Choice of areas 75 

Reports u])on 75 

Samples of form 75 

Spring V. fall seeding 78 

Residence, conditions governing 36 

Rewards, may not accept 16 

Roads and trails: 

Damage by stock 65 

Protection of 8 

Roads, damage to 15 



Uouud-up: Page. 

Forest olTicers to accompany 64 

Instructions concerning . . .'. 64 

Forest oflicers may assist 64 

Running stock on shares 38 

Saddle horses 22 

Salt, regulations to be enforced judicioasly . . . 66 

Salt-grounds, location of " 60 

Salting stock 15 

General instructions 66 

When owner refuses 66 

Seasons, grazing (see Period) 19 

Settlement of controversies 12 

Procedure for ,50 

Settlers, new 34 

Sheep and goats, individual allotments 24 

Sheep: 

Charges for dry 27 

Excess over pemiit 03 

Grazing of, not allowed imt il 8 

Improved methods of handling 71 

Yearlong rates 9 

Shding scale 11 

Instructions for use of 43 

Reductions 42 

Speculation: 

In use 32 

Preventing 47 

Springs: 

Damage to 15. 65 

Fencing of 15. <')5 

Sheep and goats not bedded near 15 

Squatters: 

Upon unsurveyed lands 57 

Claims 57 

State employees, penults to 38 

State selections. 57 

Stock:. 

Amount of salt required 66 

And ranches, when both are purchasetl 47 

Applicant may purchase 32 

Applicants who own difierent classes 35 

Bought by several purcliasers 47 

Capture or removal of, expenses for 73 

Condition of 79 

Counting, applicant who refuses 63 

Counting of 15.63 

Damage by 65 

Dead , disposition of 65 

Detectives 68 

District forester to determine kind 8 

Division of 12 

Division of outfits 47 

Driving across national forests 14 

Emergency concessions 29 

Exclusionof 23 

Exclusion of, for silvicultural reasons 23 

Exclusion of, when advisable 23 

Exempt from pennit 8 

Exempt from pennit, discretion of super- 
visors 22 

Exempt from penult, ranger to kee^) record 

of 22 

Grazed free, report on 79 

Grazing on protected areas 72 

Grazing without permit 80 

In excess of protective limit 11 

Increased niunber not allowed 19 

Inheritance of 34 

Intrusion on private lands 19 

Killed by accident, disease, poi.sonous 

plants, or wild animals 79 

Kind not previously allowed 24 

Leasing of 38 

Live, laws .,^ 67 

May be excluded from 72 

May be replaced 31 

May be replaced if sold or removed 15 

May enter in advance 19 

May remain 15 days after 19 

Meeting, forest officers attending 62 

Mere purchase of 47 

Mortality report 79 

Mortgage on .39 

Mortgaged, renewal of permit 39 

Natiual increase of 9 



100 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Stock — Continued . 

Nonownership of 39 

Number of, iu excess of permit 63 

On open range 44 

Permittee changing class of 46 

Protection of 80 

Purchase of 34 

Purchase to fill range 32 

Purchaser of 12 

Purchaser not to share privileges 47 

Quarantine of 16 

Range estimate of numbers 64 

Rangers assist owners to protect 67 

Rates for, periods shorter than yearlong. . . 9 

Ratio of exchange 46 

Running on shares 38 

Sale of 12, 79 

Sold and removed 31 

Sold and slaughtered 64 

Stray, duties of owners 73 

Stray or xmbranded, instructions for han- 
dling 73 

Stray or imbranded, forest officers not to 

use 73 

Supervisor may exclude 8 

Theft of 68 

Transfers of 46 

Transient 35 

Water for 15 

Welfare of 79 

When in trespass 33 

When sold after application 47 

Wild, corrals for capturing 73 

Stockholders, of a corporation 11, 47 

Stray or unbranded stock, instructions for . . . 73 



Page. 

Supervisor may deny permit 9 

Supplemental, form to be marked 48 

Swine, yearlong rates 9 

Term permits: 

Increase in. . .-. 44 

Instructions for 41 

Renewal of 44 

Three per cent of allotment to beginners 43, 45 

Trails, damage to 15, 65 

Transient owners, permit to 38 

Traps will be furnished 68 

Trespass: 

Grazing 39 

On protected areas for game 72 

Twenty per cent reduction for new beginners. 45 

Unbranded stock, instructions for handling. . 73 

Unsurveyed land, squatters upon 57 

Waiver: 

Of grazing preferences 12 

Of preference, when allowed 38 

Of grazing privilege, form of 91 

Of preference, conditions in use of 38 

Wardens: 

Game 71 

Game, appointment as 69 

State game 70, 72 

Water: 

May be piped 15 

Rights, when considered 36 

Watering troughs, open for public use 15 

Widow, permits to 37 

Winter ranges 19 

Woman, unmarried 37 

Work animals 22 

Yearlong permits, when begun and ended ... 29 



o 



